HAWAIIAN BIRDS. 61 



the United States. It affects ordinary fowls, turkeys, pigeons 

 and birds, and Bollinger, Virchow's Archiv. Bd. LVIII, S. 349, 

 mentions an outbreak among hawks and pheasants. 



Further information concerning the disease may be found in 

 Bulletin No. i, of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, 

 entitled "Chickens and their Diseases in Hawaii." 



With reference to the foregoing it may be remarked that if the 

 disease in question be the same that prevails so extensively among 

 the domestic fowls of the islands, it seems to assume a much 

 milder type, among the wild birds, whether native or introduced. 

 If it resulted in blindness and death among wild birds as fre- 

 quently for instance as it does among chickens, the fact would 

 hardly h&ve escaped the attention of observers. 



The writer has examined scores of wild birds that were affected 

 with these tumors when they were shot, or had been affected pre- 

 viously, but none of them showed serious impairment of health 

 and vigor. The disease must often prove a serious inconvenience 

 to wild birds, but apparently it is rarely or never the cause of 

 death. 



Description. — Adult male. Color above scarlet orange, duller on the 

 back. Beneath cadmium-orange, brighter on the belly, wing and tail 

 dusky brown, each feather and the wing coverts edged with orange. Bill 

 pale yellow, sometimes orange-yellow at base; tip dusky; legs and feet 

 blackish brown. Length about 4.5 inches. 



Adult female. Above dull olive-green, brighter on forehead, rump and 

 upper tail-coverts; "wing and tail quills blackish brown margined with 

 greenish olive as also the secondaries. Below beautiful gamboge-yellow, 

 paler on abdomen. This is the extreme adult phase of the adult female 

 and is very rare. More usually the gamboge underneath is limited to 

 breast and throat, the upper parts being much duller than described. In 

 juvenile specimens the head is dull olive grey. Back washed with olive- 

 green; under parts ashy grey, tinged with pale yellowish. 



Loxops rufa (Bloxham.). Oahu Akepeuie. 



Found only, on Oahu where it is now very rare and probably 

 soon will be extinct. It is distinguished from allied species of 

 other islands by its more brownish color and its smaller size. 



