HAWAIIAN BIRDS. 73 



on the wing, both old and young associate in large companies, 

 and there is a definite and decided movement from higher to 

 lower ground. I have found large companies thus gathered to- 

 gether late in August and early in September on the outermost 

 edge cif the woods, the young apparently being still in attendance 

 on their parents. At such times the calls and answering calls are 

 incessant. 



Description.^ — Adult. Head and occiput purplish, shining black, the 

 feathers stiflf and imbricated so as to give the effect of speckling; upper 

 parts generally shining black, the bases of the body feathers duller black, 

 producing a variegated effect; the neck feathers have a brownish cast, 

 giving the effect in some lights of a broad nuchal collar; behind the 

 malars and encroaching on the ear-spaces is a band of iridescent brown. 

 Beneath shining black, the feathers having the same variegated appearance 

 as above; belly with a tinge of brown; under wing-coverts (of about 

 20 feathers each) and under tail coverts bright yellow; anal tuft white; 

 two outer tail feathers on each side white for about half their length; 

 bases black, as also the shafts at tip ; middle pair of rectrices twisted out- 

 wardly on their axes near the tip. Length about 12.5 inches. 



Female. Similar in color to the male, though not so bright, and with 

 the middle pair of rectrices much shorter and but little twisted. Length 

 about 9.5. 



Juvehile plumage. Dull black all over. 



Moho apicalis (Gould). Oahu O-O. 



This, the 0-0 of Oahu no doubt was formerly common, but none 

 of the recent explorers have found it, and the presumption is that 

 it is now extinct, a presumption rendered all the more probable 

 from the extensive deforestation which has occurred on that 

 island ; for the 0-0 is preeminently a bird of the dense forest. 



Description. — Adult male. Black. Back and rump brownish and with 

 distinct shaft lines. Rectrices with white tips for from one-half to an 

 inch. Breast, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts yellow. Under wing- 

 coverts white. 



Moho bishopi, Rothschild. Molokai O-O. 



This 0-0 has been found only upon the island of Molokai. As 

 yet nothing has been published upon its habits which presumably 

 do not differ essentially from those of its congerjers. 



