644 Order 119.— CUPULIFERiE. 



very dense foliage of a bright, shining green. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide 

 above, coriaceous, but mostly deciduous, very variable, but always cuneate. Cup 

 6" across, 1" deep. Apr., May. 

 7 Q. nigra L. Bakebn Oak. Black Jack. Ikon Oak. Lvs. coriaceous, cu- 

 neiform, obtuse or subcordaie at lose, mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes subequal, entire 

 or toothed, setaoeous-mucronate when young, smooth and shining above, rust- 

 dmimy beneath ; villous in the axils of the veins ; cuip turbinate, half cavermg the 

 globular nut; scales of the cup obtuse, scaious. — A small, gnarled tree, with 

 dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. and S. States. Trunk 20 to 30f 

 high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3 to 

 1 to 8' by 2 to 5', broadest above, the middle lobe narrowest. Petioles 3 to 6" 

 long. May. — The wood is very valuable for fuel. (Q. ferruginea Mx.) 



.8 Q. triloba Mx., DowNr Black Oak. J/os. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the 

 base,' on very short petioles, 3-lobed at the end, rusty-iomenUms beneath, lobes mu- 

 cronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a de- 

 pressed-globous acorn. — A tree of rapid growth, 25 to 40f high, in the pine bar- 

 rens of N. J. to Fla. Lvs. very large, those of the young shoots 8 to 12' long and 

 often 5-lobed, approaching, perhaps, too closely the next. May. — ^It has been 

 recommended for hedges. 



9. Q. CateebE^i Mx. Barken Scrub Oak. Jjvs. short-petiolate, cuneate at 

 base, deeply sinuate-lobed, glabrous on both sides, lobes 3 to 5, divaricate, acute 

 and setaceous-pointed, simple or toothed with setaceous-pointed teeth ; cup large, 

 turbinate, half covering the ovoid nut, scales obtuse, the upper infiexed. — ^Pine 

 barrens, Car. to Ga. A tree 20 to 25f high, with large and very irregular leaves, 

 6 to 10' long and nearly as wide, smooth, at length coriaceous, deciduous. Cup 

 about 8" broad, nut covered with an ashy meal. May. 



10 Q. ilioifolia Willd. Shrub or Scrub Oak. Bear Oak. Los. petiolate, oto- 

 vaie-cuneate, with 3 or 5 angular lobes, entire on the margin, whitish downy beneath; 

 cup subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. — A shrub, common throughout the XT. S., grow- 

 ing only on gravelly hills and barrens, which it occupies exclusively in large 

 tracts. St. 3 to 4f high, divided into numerous straggling branches. Lvs. 3 to 

 4' long, petioles 6 to 12". Acorns 6" long, abundant, and said to be greedily 

 eaten by bears, deer, and swine. May. (Q. Bannisteri Mx.) 



/3. ? Georgiana. Lvs. glabrous, except a tuft in the axils of the veins ; cup 

 flat, covering only one-fourth of the ovoid nut. — On stone Mt, Ga. I. (Q. 

 Georgiana Eavanel.) 



11 Q. riibra L. Red Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, 

 lobes rather acute, shaUow, incisely dentate ; acorn large ; cup shallow and flat, 

 smoothish ; nut turgid-ovoid. — The red oak is the most common species in the 

 Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide-spreading tree, lOf in height^ 

 with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 — 10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep 

 and rounded sinuses between the narrow, raucronate lobes. The flowers appear 

 in May, succeeded by large acorns (9" long) contained in cups so shallow as rather 

 to resemble saucers. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, 

 but excellent fuel. 



12 Q. palustris Mx. Pin Oak. "Water Oak. (Figs. 6 — 9.) Lvs. on long 

 petioles, oblong, deeply lobed with broad, rownded sinuses, smooth, axils ofthe 

 veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup 

 flat, smooth ; acorn small, nearly spherical. — The pin oak is most luxuriant in the 



, W. States, and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in K. Eng., growing in 

 swamps and cold, clay soils. Height 60 to 80f, with a diameter of 2 to 4, and 

 light, open fohage. Bark blackish. Leaf lobes narrower than the spaces between. 

 Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns 1" long, round, in shal- 

 low cups. May. 



13 Q. falcdta L. Spanish Oak. Lvs. long-petiolatef, elongated, obtuse or 

 rounded at base, ashy-tomentous beneath, deeply sinuate lobed, lobes 6 to 7, 

 rarely 3, narrow, bristle-pointed, simple or toothed, more or less falcate ; acorn 

 small. Toughened, globular, cup shallow, subsessile, its margin incurved. — Ya. to 

 Fla., in the lower districts. A tree of large dimensions, 60 to TOf high, most 

 flourishing in Mid. Pls^ Lvs. 6 to 6' long, on vigorous shoots much larger, peti- 



