SURFACE GEOLOGY. 



43 



SECTION OF BAND AND GRAVEL 

 HILL AT AKEON. 





with the lake ridges ; being composed of different materials, holding a 

 higher level, and being far less continuous and uniform in altitude. It 

 may easily be shown, also, that they were produced by different causes, 

 and belong to a different series of Drift phenomena. They are, indeed, 

 almost the exact equivalents of what are called Karnes in Scotland, Eskers 

 in Ireland, and Asar in Scandinavia. They are also to be compared with 

 the accumulations of coarse Drift material which crown the highlands 

 in Michigan, Wisconsin, and in the country north of the lakes ; also, 

 with the " hog's-backs," the abrupt conical or elongated hills of gravel 

 and bowlders so common in eastern Canada and New England. 



The form and composition of the " Karnes " — as 

 we shall call them — which are set along the high- 

 lands of Ohio, varies considerably in different cir- 

 cumstances. Where the accumulation of material 

 is large, it forms hills of some height, and they are 

 seen to be composed mainly of gravel and sand. 

 They sometimes contain bowlders, however, and 

 not unfrequently, those of considerable size ; and 

 often rest upon the glaciated surface of the under- 

 lying rock, with no intervening sheet of bowlder 

 clay or other Drift material. In other localities the 

 gravel is more widely spread, as though dispersed 

 from its original position, and it then frequently 

 covers not only the bowlder clay, but also the most 

 recent of the Drift deposits. Such cases, however, 

 I attribute to the washing down of gravels from 

 higher lands, at a comparatively recent date. Ex- 

 amples of this may be seen in the railroad cut 

 north of Ravenna, where the gravel rests upon 

 bowlder clay, and in the cuts for the Valley rail- 

 road near Akron, where it overlies the laminated 

 sandy clays which form the summit of the Drift 

 series. The gravel and bowlders that form' the 

 kames are both indigenous and exotic. In some 

 instances, the underlying or neighboring rocks 

 have contributed largely to make up the deposits ; 

 as, near Akron, where masses of conglomerate, sand- 

 stone, and pieces of coal, often of considerable size, 

 are found in the gravel beds ; evidently derived Base conglomerate ; 42s feet 



above Lake Erie. 



from the strata which were once continuous over 



all this region. Near Ravenna, the sandstone overlying coal No. 1 has 



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