242 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 



red shale lies first under the sandstone, which seems to be considerably- 

 tilted from the horizontal position by upward protrusions of the shale. 

 The same phenomenon may be seen at Leesville, although there the hori- 

 zontality of the sandstone is not disturbed, and the color is gray, or light 

 blue, weathering to an ashen blue. This shale may be seen a few rods 

 above Mr. Bippus's quarry, on the left bank of the Sandusky, exposing 

 about fourteen feet. The shale appears to protrude upward. The exact 

 manner of superposition of the sandstone cannot be seen, but, judging 

 from the horizontality of the sandstone beds, where they reappear a few 

 rods higher up the river, and also on the other bank, nearly opposite, 

 the shale looks like an isolated or lenticular mass — at least, that its 

 upper side is unconformable with the sandstone beds. 



The thickness of this shale cannot be stated. Its identity with the 

 Bedford is also somewhat doubtful, although its horizon is exactly that 

 of the Bedford. This fact, taken in connection with the occurrence of red 

 shale below the stone at Mr. Morrow's quarry, section 1, Jackson, is 

 strong presumptive evidence of the continuance of the Bedford as far at 

 least as Crawford county. It is not known to afford any fossils in Craw- 

 ford county. It is also slightly exposed in the creek, N. E. \ section 2, 

 in Polk township, near the highway bridge. 



The Cleveland Shale. — The identification of this member of the Waverly 

 group is not so satisfactory as desirable. Yet there are two exposures of 

 a black, or purplish-black, shale in the county, that cannot, apparently, 

 be referred to the great black slate of the Devonian. At Mr. James Mor- 

 row's quarry the sandstone is underlain by thirty-three and one-half feet 

 of shale. Near the bottom of the sandstone this shale is red. In the bed 

 of the river, thirty feet lower, it is a bluish black. It is supposed that 

 about twenty feet of this belongs to the Bedford, and the remainder to 

 the Cleveland, although the junction of the two has not been seen. 



Similar shale is exposed on the farm of Mrs. Steinbach, S. E. \ section 

 12, Jackson, in the bank of the Sandusky. When it is wet it is black, 

 but when dry it becomes slate-colored. It crumbles under the weather 

 into pieces no larger than an inch across, and usually less than half an 

 inch, and a quarter of an inch or less in thickness. It shows here a very 

 slight dip east, and is exposed to the amount of twenty feet. This must 

 be slightly below the horizon, exposed in the 'river at Mr. Morrow's, 

 and will give as the observed thickness of the Cleveland in the county 

 about thirty-three feet. Careful search for fossils in the outcrop on Mrs. 

 Steinbach's farm afforded none. 



The Erie Shale.— Below the Cleveland shale there is a considerable 

 thickness of gray shale, reaching four or five hundred feet in Cuyahoga 



