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34 Thirty Years 
eighteen, and its covering was moose deer leather, 
with apertures for the escape of the smoke from the 
fires which were placed at each end; a ledge of wood 
was placed on the ground on both sides of the whole 
length of the tent, within which were the sleeping 
places, arranged probably according to families ; and 
the drums and other instruments of enchantment were 
piled up in the centre. Amongst the Indians there 
were a great many half-breeds, who lead an Indian 
life. Governor Williams gave a dram and a piece of 
tobacco to each of the males of the party. 
On the. morning of the 21st, a heavy fall of snow 
took place, which lasted until two in the afternoon. 
In the evening we left the Saskatchawan, and entered 
the Little River, one of the two streams by which 
Pine Island Lake discharges its waters. We advanced 
to-day fourteen miles and a quarter. On the 22d, the 
weather was extremely cold and stormy, and we had 
to contend against a strong head wind. The spray 
froze as it fell, and the oars were so loaded with ice 
as to be almost unmanageable. The length of our 
voyage this day was eleven miles, 
The following morning was very cold ; we embarked 
at daylight, and pulled across a part of Pine Island 
Lake, about three miles and a half to Cumberland 
House. The margin of the sake was so encrusted 
' with ice, that we had to break through a considerable 
