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step until the wiiole space between the base line and the one parallel 

 with it is filled with stakes and the marking out in rectangular form 

 or " squares " is completed. From this original block the marking 

 may be extended indefinitely, the same system being used. It may 

 occur that only small areas require to be marked out, but the same 

 methods will give the same results. It is common to use a wire just 

 the- length of one side of an acre, i.e. 70 yards, less 3 inches, in mark- 

 ing out small orchards; by the use of a wire of this length the land 

 may be marked out in acre blocks. 



Laying out on the Equilateral or Septuple System. — Assuming 

 that 20 feet is the distance at which the trees are to be planted, a base 

 line is laid out as mentioned above and stakes set out at the right 

 distances down the line. Again one must be particular to place them 

 all on the same side of the wire. Then take two pieces of wire with a 

 2-inch iron ring at each end and mkke them fit over two stakes set at 

 precisely 20 feet apart, that is, each wire with its rings attached must 

 cover exactly 20 feet. Two men then take one wire each and fix an 

 end ring over the first and second stake in the row. Then they 

 approach each other until the rings at the other end of the wire come 

 into "contact. One ring is placed exactly over the other, and a stake 

 driven into the ground at the spot where they meet gives the first 

 equilateral triangle. The operation is continued until further orders, 

 and as a rule is beautifully effective and simple. 



Another method calls for the use of a wooden frame, triangular in 

 shape, having/the exact dimensions required and holes provided at 

 each corner. This frame' is moved down the base line, placed over the 

 stakes in place thereon, the apex of the triangle pointing inwards 

 towards the land to be marked out and a stake driven in through the 

 hole there ; this method is almost equally as simple as the one pre- 

 viously mentioned, but takes three men instead of two. Modifications 

 are necessary in both these systems when the land to be marked out 

 is not level. 



Still another method of laying out an orchard on the septuple 

 plan is possible by the use of the wire previously mentioned marked 

 in half distances. The stakes at the sides of the land, those at right 

 angles to the base line, require to be set at different distances to those 

 in the base line. For instance at 20 feet equilateral triangles are 

 formed by setting a stake exactly in the centre between the first two 

 stakes at a distance of 17 feet 4 inches ; a 22-f eet triangle by setting 

 the middle stake at 19 feet ; and a 24-f eet one by placing stake 20 feet 

 9 inches away. Suppose trees are to be planted at 22 feet apart, the 

 measuring wire is marked each 11 feet, and the base line staked every 

 22 feet ; the lines at right angles to the base line are marked every 19 

 feet, and the wire, which should be long enough to reach well across 

 the land, is moved back to the first row of 19 feet stakes, and one end 

 of it pulled out to the 11 feet mark ; the wire is then staked out as 

 before. This goes on alternately, marking from the 22 feet and 11 

 feet marks until the land is finished. All stakes should be set the 

 same side of the line, and each alternative side stake should be pulled 



The Quincunx System. — The simplest way of laying out on this 

 system is to adopt the rectangular method just mentioned, and set out 

 your stakes at the necessary intervals. For instance, an orchard is 

 marked out for rectangular planting in squares of 35 feet apart. Take 



