planted in this way at 20 feet apart in the original square with the 

 centre trees added go 199 ; at 22 feet, 173 ; and at 24 feet, 137. 



Laying out an Orchard in the " Rectangular " System.. — There are 

 several ways of doing this, and most of them are to be relied on. The 

 use of a wire marked at intervals with lumps of solder annealed to it 

 at the exact distances at which it is desired to set the trees is perhaps 

 the most reliable and simple. Thus if the trees are to stand 20 feet 

 apart in the orchards the marks are placed on the wire at those 

 intervals. It is a good plan to stretch the wire before affixing the 

 solder, as if it stretches after the marks are made the correct laying 

 out of an orchard would not be possible. 



If the area to be marked out is large, one may take a wire, say, 

 100 yards in length and start by fixing on a base line from which to 

 work. Such a base line should constitute one side of the orchard, and 

 that the longest. It should be 20 feet from the actual boundary, thus 

 allowing room for animals to turn between the end trees in the row 

 and the fence or hedge or whatever constitutes the boundary. At 

 each end of the wire should be placed an iron ring about two inches in 

 diameter. Three or more men (four is the best number) are needed 

 for the quick use of this method ; in addition to the wire they are 

 provided with stakes about 18 inches in length, and if they are of 

 light-coloxired wood so much the better. Spanish reeds answer the 

 purpose, or occasionally one finds 1 in. by 1 in. stakes (deal), cut in 

 lengths of 18 inches and painted or whitewashed, used for the purpose. 

 Two men take the wire in hand, one at each end, and lay it along the 

 base line ; the other two immediately drive stakes into the ground 

 along it at each of the solder marks, being careful to put them all on 

 the same side of the wire. When tliis is done, the wire may be moved 

 along in a straight line and the same operation repeated until one side 

 of the field is staked off ; then a sight taken down tlie line will show 

 at a glance whether the work has been correctly done or not ; if the 

 latter happens to be the case the mistake must be rectified, as with an 

 incorrect base line no success is possible; seen from either end, if 

 planted in a straight line, the stakes will look as if they were one con- 

 tinuous piece of white wood from one end of the line to the other. 



Having secured a base line, the next proceeding is to mark o\it 

 another exactly parallel with it some 85 yards or so away. This is a 

 comparatively easy matter, but in order that exactness may prevail 

 in the measurements, it may be well to explain how to find a " true 

 corner " giving another line at exact right angles to the first. 



From the third stake along the base line, i.e., if the trees are to be 

 planted at 20 feet apart, is a distance of 60 feet. ]N^ext mark off 

 another 80 feet as nearly as you can guess at exact right angles to the 

 base line and put in a stake there, then take the line and measure the 

 distance between the stakes at the 60 feet and 80 feet marks. It the 

 distance is 100 feet, then you have a true corner, .and the line can be 

 shifted and marked out with stakes at one end of the base line m the 

 same manner as that was done. The same operation takes place at 

 the other end of the base line, and then the wire is shifted over and 

 the line parallel with the base line staked out at the same intervals. 

 With these two parallel lines obtained the rest is simplicity itself. 

 The wire is taken and laid across from the 20 feet mark on the one- 

 to the corresponding mark on the other line, stakes are driven in at 

 the solder marks, and then the wire is moved down the lines step by 



