CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE 263 



tion of common salt. This treatment proves very effective. 

 If, therefore, the workman is skilled in the manipulation of 

 the machine and cares for it properly, the germ content of the 

 milk can be kept low and a clean product secured. The avail- 

 able data seem to indicate that the machine has no effect on 

 the fat content of the milk, particularly if the cows are stripped 

 by hand, as is usually advisable. 



MANAGEMENT OF THE BULL 



The bull calves must be removed from the heifers when four 

 to six months old. In rearing a bull, accustom it to being 

 handled from calfhood. From the very beginning it should 

 be gently but firmly managed and not fondled or permitted 

 to frolic. Give it kind, quiet, firm, and unvarying treat- 

 ment. Always keep it under subjection, that it may never 

 know its strength and power. Place a ring in its nose before it 

 is a year old. This ring should be frequently renewed, in order 

 that it be always strong. If this is neglected, the ring will come 

 in two when most needed. Always lead and handle the bull 

 with a staff. The bull should never run loose in the yard or 

 pasture. It should be provided with abundant and regular 

 exercise. At such times it should be under restraint and full 

 control. For exercise, some recommend placing the bull in a 

 tread-power and use the power thus generated to grind the grain, 

 run the fodder cutter or cream separator, and the like, but this 

 does not seem practicable. A very good plan to provide exer- 

 cise for the bull is to arrange a wire overhead and attach the 

 bull's halter strap to it. This will enable him to take exercise 

 at will and still keep him under control. As age and strength 

 increase, a second ring should be placed in the nose in which to 

 attach a strap, chain, or rope to supplement the staff when the 

 animal is let out for service. Let there always be a double hitch- 

 ing device, so that the bull may never by accident find himself 

 free when he should be tied. In the management of a bull, it is 



