268 MANUAL OF FARM ANIMALS 



floor in order to remove the air from that point. This is 

 desirable because the refuse gases from the animals being 

 heavier than the other air of the stable remain near the floor. 

 The animals not only lie down, but they breathe the impuri- 

 ties from the floor when standing. The colder air is at the floor, 

 and it is desirable to remove this, particularly in the winter, in 

 order that the warmer air at the ceiling may move downward. 

 In the second place, these ventilators should be provided with 

 an opening near the ceiling for the removal of the warm air when 

 the stable becomes too warm, particularly if the animals are to 

 be kept in the stable most of the time. This opening must be 

 provided with a door or slide to be closed or opened at will. In 

 the third place, it is important that these ventilators be so con- 

 structed as to afford as little inconvenience as possible, particu- 

 larly when they extend through the hay loft, where they are 

 sometimes in the way of the hay fork. The ventilating flue 

 should be as large as convenient. The essentials of a good 

 ventilating flue are similar to those of a good chimney. In 

 addition to their being of air-tight construction and as straight 

 as conditions will permit, it should rise above the highest 

 part of the roof so as to get the full force of the wind. 



Window ventilation. — If it is not possible to install the King 

 system in one of its many forms, the windows can be so ar- 

 ranged as to form a fair system of ventilating the cow stable. 

 To do this, hinge them at the bottom, allowing' the top to 

 open inward. Place a board edgewise along each side of the 

 window, so that the air will not enter at the bottom and blow 

 directly on the animals when the window is open. By leaving 

 several of the windows open an inch or two at the top they will 

 provide fair ventilation without producing serious drafts. 

 When this plan is employed, it is best to open the windows on 

 the side of the barn away from the wind and to regulate the 

 size of the opening according to the severity of the weather. 



Floors are best made of cement. — While many objections have 



