A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
of Hematite in the New Red Breccias—a very common occurrence—is 
due to the selective replacement of some calcareous matter in the pebbles. 
Hence the presence of these Hzmatite pebbles does not imply that the 
mineral in question is older than the New Red, as seems commonly to be 
supposed. Some Manganese ores occur not uncommonly in association 
with Hematite; and it is possible that some of the west Cumberland 
‘soft ore’ may consist of the bright-red form of Geethite, which goes 
by the name of Rubinglimmer. 
Lastly, there are a few minerals whose present character is due more 
directly to surface agencies, such as oxidation, and the direct influence of 
water. None of these call for any special remark. 
For fuller details regarding localities, etc., the reader is referred to 
the author’s paper on ‘ The Minerals of Cumberland and Westmorland,’ 
in the Trans. Cumb. & West. Assoc., vols. vii. 101, viii. 189, ix. 175. 
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