BOTANY 
Roewath ; Mrs. Mary Carr, Silloth ; Mr. J. C. Smith, Penrith ; Mr. Jos. Adair, Egremont ; 
Rev. R. Wood, Rosley Vicarage; Mr. R. H. Hamilton, Maryport ; Rev. Hilderic Friend, 
late of Carlisle and Cockermouth ; Mr. John Glaister, Skinburness ; Messrs. Lidbetter and 
Hall, Brookfield, Wigton; Mr. W. Duckworth, late of Carlisle; Mr. George Coggins, 
Clifton Hall ; Messrs. Dickson and Stratton, Gilgarron, Whitehaven ; Mr. Thomas Lister, 
- Men Rev. F. Addison, Thirsk, Yorks; Mr. S. L. Petty, Ulverston ; Mr. W. Thomson, 
arlisle. 
ZONES OF TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE 
By ‘range’ is signified range in altitude above sea-level, and by the 
figures 1, 2, 3, 4 the zones of altitude in which the plant is commonly 
found in Cumberland. For tracing out the vertical range of species the 
late Mr. H. C. Watson divided the surface of Britain into two ‘ regions’ 
and six ‘zones’ of temperature. The two regions he designated as 
‘agrarian’ and “arctic.” The agrarian includes the whole surface of 
the island from sea-level, as far up the hills as arable cultivation is prac- 
ticable. This is up to about 600 yards above sea-level in the north of 
England, and 400 yards in Scotland or the Scottish Highlands. All 
above this belongs to the arctic region, which is so named because its 
characteristic plants have their headquarters within the Arctic Circle, or 
at any rate in the far north. Each of these two regions he divided into 
three zones: super-agrarian, mid-agrarian, and infer-agrarian ; super- 
arctic, mid-arctic, and infer-arctic. Of these six zones the coldest and 
the warmest, the super-arctic and the infer-agrarian are not represented 
in the county, but we have all the other four. Counting from below, 
the zone No. 1 corresponds to Watson’s mid-agrarian, zone No. 2 to his 
super-agrarian, zone No. 3 to his infer-arctic, and zone No. 4 to his 
mid-arctic. Cumberland it may be noted is the only county in England, 
portions of which are included in the last-mentioned zone. 
Zone 1—mid-agrarian of Watson—extends in Cumberland from 
shore level to an altitude of goo feet upon the hills, and includes all the 
larger lakes and valleys, as well as the great bulk of the surface under 
tillage up to an altitude corresponding to that of Castle Crag, Keswick, 
though not quite reaching so high as the summit of Eycott Hill, over 
Berrier. The average annual temperature may be estimated at from 
45° to 48° Fahr. 
Zone 2—super-agrarian zone of Watson—includes that portion 
of the hill country which lies at an elevation of from goo to 1,800 feet, 
or from the summit of Castle Crag to that of Great (sometimes called) 
Wester Mell Fell. The average annual temperature of this zone may 
be set down as ranging from 42° to 45° Fahr. Broadly speaking culti- 
vation does not reach quite to the summit of the super-agrarian but to 
the top of the mid-agrarian, or in exceptional instances a trifle higher. 
The super-agrarian flora at the lakes is materially smaller than in the 
eastern counties of England. 
Zone 3—infer-arctic zone of Watson—includes a belt of mountains 
between 1,800 and 2,700 feet in altitude, or from the top of Great Mell 
Fell or Lord’s Seat over Bassenthwaite Lake to the summit of High 
75 
