INSECTS 
ORTHOPTERA 
This order of insects, comprising the Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grass- 
hoppers, Locusts and Crickets, is poorly represented in the British Isles, 
the full list barely exceeding fifty species, and of these twelve are not 
indigenous but merely stragglers from abroad, being introduced with 
vegetable produce, fruit, etc. There has been no systematic work done 
at the order in Cumberland, and the subjoined brief account may be said 
to cover all that is known. Though it is hardly likely that the county 
possesses anything but a poor orthopterous fauna, on account of its 
northern position and the absence of chalk, still careful observation 
would no doubt augment this list very considerably—probably 
double it. 
FORFICULARIA 
Earwigs 
The Lesser Earwig (Labia minor, L.) appears to be very local in the 
county, having as yet only been noticed in the Lazonby district, where 
it is quite common in gardens, frequenting dung heaps and decaying 
vegetable matter. It is an active insect and readily takes to the wing. 
The Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia, L.) is only too common. 
To the rural population it is known as the ‘ Twitchbell.’ 
BLATTODEA 
Cockroaches 
Phyllodromia germanica, L., is said to have been introduced into 
Britain by soldiers returning from the Crimea in 1857. It has spread 
rapidly and in certain localities has become very abundant, occurring in 
restaurants, warehouses, etc. In Carlisle it inhabits flour mills. It is 
much smaller than the next species, the Common Cockroach (Blatta 
ortentalis, L.), which is a pest in houses, etc., throughout the county. 
The American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana, L.) has been found 
sparingly in hothouses near Carlisle. This is another introduced 
species. 
ACRIDIODEA 
Grasshoppers 
Stenobothrus viridulus, L., 8. bicolor, Charp., and S. parallelus, Zett., 
are found throughout the county in meadows and grassy places, the last 
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