A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
certain of the three common ‘whites’ initsappearance. Though usually 
common in both spring and summer broods, some seasons it is almost 
rare. Larve are sometimes seen feeding in gardens until the end of 
November. P. rapa, L., Small White, is always abundant everywhere, 
and so is P. napi, L., Green-veined White. This last varies considerably 
in the colouration of the veins, some specimens having them rusty 
brown. Euchloé cardamines, L., Orange Tip, is common in lanes, 
meadows and wood rides from May to July. The usual food plant of 
the larva is lady’s smock, but it is often noticed feeding on the seed pods 
of towering mustard, and I have seen the female butterfly ovipositing on 
watercress. The larve feed up very rapidly, the larval existence seldom 
exceeding three weeks, usually it is much less. Eleven months of the 
year are probably spent in the pupal state. Leucophasia sinapis, L., Wood 
White, is very rare in the county. It has occurred in Barron, Orton, 
and Newbiggen Woods near Carlisle, in the Great Wood near Keswick, 
and elsewhere among the lakes. Two specimens taken at Orton about the 
year 1887 are the most recent captures I am acquainted with. Here 
as elsewhere Colias edusa, Fb., Clouded Yellow, is very erratic in its 
appearance. A few were taken in 1858 and 1859 in different parts of 
the county. In 1877 a few occurred near Keswick and Carlisle, but 
near Workington it was common. Three years later it was again re- 
ported to be common in west Cumberland, but I am not quite sure of 
this record. A specimen taken at Rockcliffe near Carlisle in 1892 is 
probably the most recent capture.’ C. yale, L., Pale Clouded Yellow, 
is recorded from Workington (EZ. M. M., vol. xiv. p. 64) and from 
Newbiggen Wood by the late J. B. Hodgkinson. Keswick is the only 
reliable locality for Gonopteryx rhamni, L., Brimstone, where it is said to 
be moderately common. There is a single record from Orton, but it 
has never been verified. The distribution of Argynnis selene, Schiff., Small 
Pearl Border, and 4. eupbrosyne, L., Pearl Border, in the county is rather 
peculiar. In the Carlisle and Brampton districts euphrosyne is scarce, 
while se/ene abounds on rough meadows and commons. Near Lazonby 
both species are common, but in the lake country euphrosyne appears to 
become the predominating species. 4. ag/aia, L., Dark Green Fritillary, 
is widely distributed, being equally at home among the sand-dunes of 
the Solway or on the precipitous sides of the highest mountains. 4. 
adippe, L., High Brown Fritillary, is very rare, but has been recorded 
from such widely separate stations as Scale Hill Woods, Keswick, and 
Newbiggen near Carlisle. I can make out very little that is definite 
concerning 4. paphia, L., Silver-washed Fritillary, as a Cumberland 
insect; certainly it has not been taken for many years. The record in 
Science Gossip, 1894, is an error, A. aglaia being the species intended. 
The Carlisle forms of Melitea aurinia, Rott., Greasy Fritillary, are well 
known to lepidopterists in Britain. It is a singularly local insect, but in 
its two haunts near Carlisle occurs in amazing numbers. A few speci- 
1 During the past season (1900) C. edusa was taken twice near Maryport, and one was seen 
near Carlisle.—F. H. D. 
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