A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
Tarns under the shadow of Scaw Fell, where it was discovered by 
Thomas Stothard hard upon a century ago. It appears to be extending 
its range much lower down, and one can now meet with it close to the 
village of Seathwaite at the foot of Sty Head Pass. In the summer of 
1898 I was pleased to meet with an extensive colony on a grassy plateau 
over Buttermere, where apparently it had not before been observed. It 
is also recorded from the Vale of Newlands, and indeed I expect it will 
ultimately be found in many more localities. It should be mentioned 
that most of the Cumberland specimens are referable to the var. cassiope, 
Fb., characterized by the absence of white pupils to the ocellated spots 
on the wings. . @ethiops, Esp., Northern Brown, strange to say appears 
to have escaped detection in Cumberland as yet. There have been 
rumours of its capture within the confines of the county, but after much 
inquiry I cannot find out anything satisfactory concerning them. But 
that it does occur I can hardly bring myself to doubt, as it is common in 
all the adjoining counties—Dumfriesshire to the north, Westmorland to 
the south, and Northumberland and Durham to the east. Pararge egeria, 
L., Speckled Wood, is very rare, having only been noticed near Keswick. 
P. megera, L., Wall Butterfly, however is locally abundant. It can be 
seen in any lane near the county town in May and early June, and again 
in late July and throughout August. It is also abundant on the coast 
road between Silloth and Maryport, but among the lakes and also in the 
east of the county it is seldom seen. I have at times seen numbers 
of this butterfly resting on the wooden posts set up to carry wire 
fencing, as well as on tree trunks and walls. Its predilection for 
resting on walls is well known however. Satyrus semele, L., Grayling, 
is abundant all along the coast. Near Leegate, in the vicinity of 
Wigton, it frequents railway banks. It occurs sparingly at other inland 
stations, but its true home seems to be the coast sandhills. Epinephele 
iamra, L., Meadow Brown, is very abundant everywhere and occasionally 
‘bleached’ specimens are to be taken, but by a singular fatality the 
best freaks of this kind I have come across have been too wasted to pin. 
E. tithonus, L., Large Heath, must be accounted rare. Keswick is the 
only reliable locality I know of. I am sure there is something wrong 
about Mawson’s record from St. Bees in the Transactions of the Cumberland 
and Westmorland Scientific Association, 1883, as no one else appears to 
have met with it there, though the locality has been frequently visited. 
Though always very local, E. Ayperanthes, L., Ringlet, in some of its 
haunts occurs in profusion. It is probably nowhere so common in the 
county as in the meadows fringing the south side of Orton Woods near 
Carlisle, where beautiful forms may be obtained. Other localities are Kes- 
wick, Wigton, Silloth, Brampton and Penrith. It is noteworthy that the 
Cumberland insect has the underside of a grey hue, quite unlike the rich 
yellowish brown of the southern insect. A butterfly eminently typical of 
this county of ‘ mosses’ is Canonympha typhon, Rott., Marsh Ringlet, which 
is common throughout the county wherever ground suited to its tastes is 
to be found. Bowness Flow, Todhills Moss and Bolton Fell may be 
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