A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
been taken in a lane near Burgh-by-Sands. All the British representatives 
of the genus Hepia/us occur commonly in the county : 4umult, L., and 
sylvinus, L., in meadows ; velleda, Hb., and its var. ga/licus, Ld., on 
heaths ; /upulinus, L., in lanes and along hedgebanks ; and 4ectus, L., in 
damp woods. Cossus ligniperda, Fb., is not often taken in the perfect 
state, but judging by the number of larva-infested trees in various parts 
of the county it cannot be called a scarce species ; oaks are the trees most 
favoured. Porthesia similis, Fues., and Leucoma salicis, L., do not appear 
to have been noticed for many years. The late T. C. Heysham took 
both in the vicinity of Carlisle. A moth characteristic of the wide 
stretches of moorland is Dasychira fascelina, L., the pretty larva being 
usually found on ling, but in confinement taking readily to such other 
plants as birch and hawthorn. It is much pestered by parasites and dead 
larve may be frequently found on the stems of the ling. D. pudibunda, 
L., has been found near Keswick and Carlisle but not recently. Orgyia 
antiqua, L., is rather peculiarly distributed. Near Carlisle it is rare, at 
least the present school of lepidopterists find it so. On some of the 
extensive moors to the north, Bolton Fell for instance, it occurs in great 
numbers and about Lazonby and Penrith it is fairly abundant. From 
the Brampton district I can only hear of one capture, while near 
Keswick it does not appear to be known at all. Trichiura crategt, L., 
has occurred near Carlisle, Keswick and Cockermouth, but not of late 
years apparently. Pwcilocampa populi, L., is spread all over the county 
and here and there occurs with tolerable freedom. The moth visits 
street lamps in November and December and larve are beaten from oak 
in June. Eriogaster lanestris, L., is recorded from Keswick by Mr. H. A. 
Beadle of that town, who also includes Bombyx neustria, L., in his list, 
adding that it is rare. This latter species occurred to the late T. C. Hey- 
sham near Carlisle, which I fancy will be the northern limit of its range 
in the British Islands. On most of the moors at the right season of the 
year the scurrying form of B. rudi, L., is a familiar object. It flies 
much closer to the ground than its congener B. guercus, L., and while the 
latter favours the mid-day sunshine for its flight, B. ruéz does not appear 
on the wing until late in the afternoon and is most freely seen towards 
sunset. It is the var. ca//une, Palmer, of B. guercus, L., which occurs 
exclusively in Cumberland. On that extensive moorland plateau in the 
north of the county known as Bolton Fell it may at times be seen on the 
wing in bewildering numbers. It should be mentioned however that 
only the males fly during the middle of the day ; I have only noticed 
females on the wing in the dusk of evening, when, owing to their pale 
colouration, they look tremendous in the uncertain light. Mr. Beadle 
records B. ¢rifolii, Esp., from Keswick, but says it is rare. Odonestis 
potatoria, L., frequents grassy hedgebanks, and though very common near 
Carlisle, in the east of the county and among the lakes appears to be 
hardly known. Saturnia pavonia, L., is usually abundant on heaths, the 
larve feeding on a variety of plants; in confinement hawthorn is taken to 
most readily. About two o’clock in the afternoon appears to be the 
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