CRUSTACEANS 
fall off the trees helplessly drunk.’! It would have added much to the 
interest of this passage had the author been able to discriminate a little, 
since, though the general intoxication is credible, the globes of fire do 
seem equally probable in slugs and spiders as in beetles and wood- 
ice. 
The well-known amphipod Gammarus pulex was brought to me 
some years ago by a friend from a mountain tarn in the Lake district. 
The specimens and records of locality were unluckily destroyed by fire, 
but this is of less importance, as it may be taken for granted that the 
species is not confined to a single tarn but generally distributed. 
Dr. G. S. Brady’s paper ‘On Entomostraca Collected in the Solway 
District’ might be relied on for attributing to Cumberland several marine 
and brackish water species of Ostracédda and Copépoda. But the evidence 
is weakened by the circumstance that his collections were confined to the 
Scottish side of the firth.’ 
For the freshwater Entomostraca of the county there are definite 
reports by several competent observers. From their investigations, 
though confessedly incomplete, a fair conception may be formed of 
the diversity, the multitude, and the value of the living creatures in 
question. None however can be brought to understand the fascination 
of studying these minute objects except by studying them. It is a case 
in which it may be truly said that the appetite comes by eating. 
The Entomostraca are divided into three orders, Branchidpoda, 
Ostracoda and Copepoda. The Branchiopoda are again divided into four 
sub-orders, all of which are likely enough to be represented in Cumber- 
land, although actual records entitle us to deal with only one of them, 
the Cladécera. This is by far the most extensive of the four, but the 
animals in most of its species are the smallest. One of them, 4/one//a 
nana (Baird), claims to be the smallest arthropod known, a hundred and 
ten specimens placed end to end being required to cover an inch.’ The 
name Cladocera means ‘ branching antennz,’ and this should be borne in 
mind, as it refers to a characteristic feature alike important for the loco- 
motion of the animals and for the discrimination of their families and 
genera. For though all the species, with a solitary exception in one 
sex, have the second antenne two-branched, yet the number of the joints 
is variable and so also is the number of sete with which they are armed. 
Another basis of classification has been found in the varying characters of 
the feet. This permits an arrangement of the genera under four sections, 
each with a significant name. The Ctendpoda, or ‘ comb-footed,’ have 
six pairs of feet, all similar, leaf-like, branchial, non-prehensile, and fur- 
nished with a comb-like arrangement of sete. The Anomédpoda, or 
‘ dissimilar-footed,’ that is to say with feet not all alike, have five or 
six pairs, of which the front ones are more or less prehensile and non- 
1 Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Association for the Advancement of Literature and 
Science, No. xvii. p. 97 (Carlisle, 1893). 7 
2 Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, vol. xiti. pt. i. (1895). 
8 Scourfield, The Essex Naturalist, vol. x. p. 194 (1897). 
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