A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
1894, I found an old male pochard on the 
latter lough, and imagined that its mate must 
be in the vicinity. 
155. Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata (Leach). 
Almost a resident species, yet proof of its 
having reared its young in our midst is still to 
be obtained. I have known male birds to 
haunt particular sheets of water, such as 
Whin’s Pond and Monkhill Lough, all the 
summer through; these birds regularly as- 
sumed eclipse plumage and shed their wing 
quills. I have likewise seen broods of young 
birds in autumn, and believe that this duck 
must occasionally breed in the county, as it 
certainly does across the border. Our estuaries 
are not much to the taste of the tufted 
duck. 
156. Scaup-Duck. Fuligula marila (Linn.). 
Locally, Bluebill. 
A common winter visitor to our estuaries, 
especially those of the Solway Firth, which 
are more or less frequented by scaup from 
October to March, at the end of which latter 
month the individuals that have wintered on 
our coast usually depart. Instances of single 
birds or even small parties passing the summer 
months with us are well substantiated by my 
personal experience. But such exceptions are 
noteworthy. 
157. Goldeneye. Clangula glaucion (Linn.). 
A common winter visitant to our lakes and 
rivers, generally present from October to 
March, sometimes arriving in the first week 
of the former month, and rarely delaying its 
departure far into April. It occurs all over 
the county, alike on upland tarns and on the 
dubs of the mosses near the coast. The 
majority of those seen are females, and males 
of the year. Adult males in full livery are 
very sparingly met with. It usually congre- 
gates with us in small flocks; but in the 
severe weather of December, 1890, a flock of 
between one and two hundred birds fre- 
quented the estuaries of the Esk and Eden. 
158. Long-tailed Duck. 
(Linn.). 
A winter visitant to the estuaries of this 
county, but in very sparing numbers, large 
flocks being locally unknown. In November, 
1892, I saw a fine adult male and female 
immediately after they had been shot on the 
Wampool near Kirkbride. An immature 
bird was brought to me in December, 1892. 
In 1893, an immature drake was shot on a 
dub on Salta Moss in October. None ap- 
peared in 1894; but in 1895 several females 
were shot in the channels of the Wampool 
Harelda glacialis 
and Waver in October and November. In 
January, 1896, a male was sent to me from 
Rockliffe Marsh ; and in December, 1897, 
a female from the Scottish channel of the 
Solway Firth. In November, 1898, I watched 
two long-tailed ducks for about an hour, as 
they dived and swam in Monkhill Lough. 
Although I have so far failed to detect the 
presence of this bird with certainty on any of 
our larger lakes, the specimen which I met 
with at Monkhill in 1884 spent several 
weeks on that sheet of water, associating in 
flight with the goldeneyes. The Carlisle 
Museum contains a single specimen in the 
dress peculiar to the breeding season. ‘This 
bird is an adult drake, a lame bird, which was 
caught on a beck near Renwick, April 18th, 
1889. 
159. Common Eider Duck. Somateria mollis- 
sima (Linn.). 
A rare visitant to the west coast. An im- 
mature bird was procured near Whitehaven 
prior to 1829; a pair of eiders were killed on 
the Ravenglass estuary in June, 1880; a 
flock of thirteen eiders was seen near Mary- 
port in March, 1886. 
160. Common Scoter. Cidemia nigra (Linn.). 
Locally, Black Duck. 
A winter visitant, seldom noticed inland, 
though I have seen flocks of this scoter on 
Ulleswater in July, before the birds had shed 
their wing quills, for they could fly strongly. 
Odd birds sometimes visit our tarns, but the 
larger rivers and open waters of the coast are 
the chief resort of this seafaring duck during 
its stay with us. Its sojourn with us is 
limited to the winter months so far as large 
numbers are concerned; but a smaller num- 
ber of birds appear to reside with us all 
through the year. Old drakes deep in moult, 
and unable to fly, were sent to me from 
Silloth in the first week of September, 1886, 
and from Cargo on Eden in the last week of 
August. 
161, Velvet Scoter. C£demia fusca (Linn.). 
A winter visitant of comparatively rare 
occurrence. Inland, a female was shot on 
the Eden near Nunwick, March, 1898 ; 
another visited Talkin Tarn in May, 1847. 
A beautiful adult male was shot on the Eden 
at Cargo in December, 1886. Several others 
in female or immature dress have been shot in 
the neighbourhood of Silloth. 
162. Surf - Scoter. Cdemia _ perspicillata 
(Linn.). 
An accidental visitant, the only local speci- 
men having been shot at Crofton on Novem- 
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