A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
county in isolated instances. I have never 
seen it myself in the north of England. 
28. Water Vole. MJicrotus amphibius, Linn. 
Bell—Arvicola amphibius. 
Locally, Water Rat. 
Exceedingly numerous on the Caldew and 
most of our rivers and inland waters; at 
Edenhall it forms an important item in the 
dietary of the heron. Melanism occurs in 
individual specimens, but very rarely. It is 
a curious fact that a species so partial to 
water should rear its young among the sand 
dunes on Drigg Common; but that it does so 
I have proved by personal investigation. 
29. Field Vole. Microtus agrestis, Linn. 
Bell—Arvicola agrestis. 
This little animal is extremely common 
and of very general distribution, sometimes 
causing great damage to hill pastures. A 
very pretty grey and white variety was 
brought to me from Drumburgh. It was a 
full-grown animal. The Duckworths were 
at one time acquainted with a little colony of 
field voles, among which pied examples often 
occurred, 
30. Bank Vole. Evotomys glareolus, Schreber. 
Bell—Arvicola glareolus. 
This interesting little mammal is probably 
common in the county, but is best known to 
me as well established at Aigle Gill. It is 
generally observed in winter, at which season 
it makes its home in heaps of turnips, two 
pairs of full-grown voles and one smaller one 
being generally found together. In confine- 
ment it becomes a tame and fascinating pet. 
31. Hare. Lepus europaeus, Pallas. 
Bell—Lepus timidus. 
A resident species, but in very sparing 
numbers except upon a few large estates, 
Hares not infrequently lie out upon the salt- 
marshes; I have known of their being 
drowned by the tide. In November, 1884, 
a pied hare was killed in the county, having 
the forehead and muzzle, the sides of the 
head, two fore-paws and one hind-paw per- 
fectly white. This, and a larger specimen in 
which the red hairs are plentifully mixed with 
white, have since been presented to the Car- 
lise Museum. 
32. Rabbit. 
Locally, Coney. 
Lepus cuniculus, Linn. 
Warrens have long existed in the neigbour- 
hood of our coast, and many black and sandy 
varieties occur. In 1883 I saw a tame speci- 
men which had entered on its eleventh year 
of captivity. It belonged to a working man 
at Carlisle, and enjoyed the run of the house, 
being a familiar and amusing pet. 
UNGULATA 
33. Red Deer. Cervus elaphus, Linn. 
The red deer of Gowbarrow Park are 
lineal descendants of the race of stags and 
hinds which cropped the sweet grass and 
toothsome clover of the Cumbrian hills when 
the Roman legions tramped across High Street 
and manned their forts upon the shores of the 
Solway Firth. All Roman settlements in the 
county yield remains of red deer, and the 
antlers were of far more vigorous growth 
than can be found in these days. ‘The deer 
of Gowbarrow Park often receive visits from 
stags that have descended from Martindale 
Forest to the edge of Ullswater, and swum 
the cool waters of the lake, in order to pay 
court to the fat hinds of ‘ Wethermlake,’ as 
the locality was anciently entitled. A famous 
deer-forest was that of Inglewood, which long 
remained a royal chase. Ennerdale Forest 
was the last home of the free wild deer that 
knew nothing of enclosed life, but took toll 
of the oats of the dalesmen at their own 
sweet will. I have inspected several fine 
herds of red deer in private parks, such as 
those of Muncaster, Crofton, Highmoor ; but 
only at Gowbarrow is there a strain of white 
blood. This is due to the introduction many 
years ago of a white stag, supplied by Lord 
Petre, and believed to be of continental origin. 
This white stag lived for many years at Gow- 
barrow, but was killed when very old (in the 
sixties) by the younger and more vigorous 
animals setting upon him, as Mr. H. Howard 
informed us. Several white descendants of 
this stag were still living at Gowbarrow when 
I last inquired about the herd. For a fuller 
account of the red deer of Cumberland refer- 
ence must be made to The Fauna of Lakeland, 
pp. 50-64. 
34. Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn. 
The bucks of Cumberland once afforded 
good sport to royalty ; indeed an early chroni- 
cler accredits Edward the First with having 
killed two hundred bucks and does in Ingle- 
wood. The Howards kept a good stock of 
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