A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
special hobbies, such as early sculptured crosses, ecclesiastical antiquities, 
genealogies, local bibliography, and the like. 
THE STONE AGE 
a. Lonc BAaRRows 
The Stone Age has been divided into two periods. In the earlier 
or Paleolithic when man did not know how to grind or polish a 
stone, but only how to chip it to a sharp edge. The remains of the 
Paleolithic Age are found in caves, and in river drift, but none have 
been found in the district we are dealing with. Two stone implements 
in the Keswick Museum, and one in the Carlisle Museum, have been 
suggested as Paleolithic, but they are more probably unfinished imple- 
ments of the later or Neolithic Stone Age. It has been suggested by 
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., that there are gravels in the valley of the Eden 
in which Paleolithic (river drift) implements might be found. As to 
how long it is since the Paleolithic man lived, it is unnecessary here to 
go into that question ; dates varying from 60,000 years ago to 600,000 
have been assigned to him ; it is maintained by Professor Boyd Dawkins 
and Sir John Evans that a period of glaciers has intervened since he 
roamed about this district—if he was ever there at all, and some of the 
very features of the country have been completely changed since he lived. 
But the Neolithic man, the man of the later Stone Age, who could 
polish and grind a stone, saw this country much as we see it—the 
position of his graves tells us that. He, too, has left no histories behind 
him ; but the spade in the hands of Sir R. Colt Hoare, of Dr. Thurnam, 
and of Canon Greenwell, has been the key which has unlocked the 
secrets buried in his graves. ‘The researches of Canon Greenwell have 
been mainly in the Yorkshire Wolds, in Durham, Westmorland, and 
Northumberland. Results only can be dealt with here ; for the evidence, 
proper works must be consulted, the chief of which are Lubbock’s 
Prehistoric Times, Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements, Thurnam’s Crania 
Britannica, Greenwell and Rolleston’s British Barrows, and Boyd Dawkins’s 
Early Man in Britain. 
The Neolithic man in these districts was of short stature, with a 
long head (technically called dolicho-cephalic). His facial angle, as 
measured from his skull, and other evidence afforded by it, show him to 
have probably had a mild and pleasant countenance. The remains of 
the animals on which he lived show that he led a pastoral, semi- 
agricultural existence, eking out his subsistence by the chase, rather of 
birds than bigger animals. He had for domestic animals only the Bos 
longifrons, a species of ox ; it is doubtful if he had the goat ; he had not 
the dog. He ground his grain with stones, and the sand and grit got 
into the meal and wore his teeth down to the gum. He had toothache 
badly, as the condition of his jaws shows. Dr. Thurnam thinks he was 
a cannibal; Canon Greenwell and Professor Rolleston repudiate the 
slander. When he died, the man of the long head was buried in a long 
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