EARLY MAN 
stone axes also abound. An estimate presented in 1881 of the known 
stone implements in Cumberland and Westmorland put the number at 
about 30 stone hammers or adzes, 44 stone celts, 6 flint arrow-heads, or 
in all about 100; but many more are known now, possibly twice as 
many.’ 
The examples of Neolithic implements from Solway Moss’ and 
Ehenside Tarn® are remarkable, being two out of the only three examples 
of celts which have been found in England attached to their original 
handles. A rock on Lazonby Fell has about seventy grooves upon it, 
from 4 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch wide and deep, pointed 
at either end, as if sharp-ended tools had been ground inthem. The 
suggestion is that they were for grinding stone celts. 
How long these dolicho-cephalic men dwelt in this district is hard 
to tell. Canon Greenwell, in Ancient British Barrows, declines to hazard 
a conjecture as to when they began; but they were intruded upon by 
another race, and possibly somewhere about the year 1,000 before Christ. 
The new comer was a round-headed or brachy-cephalic man, who buried 
his dead in round barrows, and appears to have belonged to a stronger, 
sterner race than his predecessor. His bones prove him to have been 
bigger (his average stature over 5 ft. 8 in.), thicker and more muscular ; 
he had broad jaws, turned up nose, high cheek bones, wide mouth, 
and eyes deep sunk under beetling brows that overhung them like a 
pent-house—the superciliary ridges on his skull tell that. He had arms 
and implements of bronze. He had learnt to domesticate the goat 
and the dog, as well as the Bos J/ongifrons, the only animal which the 
long-headed man had succeeded in taming. He soon asserted his 
supremacy over the long-heads—he did not annihilate them. In the 
round barrows of the round-heads both long and round skulls appear ; 
and in the later round barrows the skulls begin to appear occasionally of 
an intermediate shape : this shows that the round-headed man with the 
bronze weapons probably enslaved the long-headed man with the stone 
weapons, and took the long-headed women for his wives. 
This was the Bronze Age, when man had advanced to the know- 
ledge of weapons and implements made of bronze : these did not wholly 
supersede stone weapons and implements, for the poor man would con- 
tinue to use the cheaper articles. 
Many of the weapons of the brachy-cephalic men, who intruded 
themselves upon the dolicho-cephalic men, have been found in Cumber- 
land, but they are not so numerous in local museums as the relics of the 
earlier race. The bulk of them have found their way to the melting-pot. 
Forty or fifty years ago the travelling pedlar frequently bought bronze 
implements from labourers and farm servants for two pence apiece, and 
1 Proc. S.A., ut ante. 
2 See Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements, and edit., pp. 152, 1533 Proc. 8.4. os. 
vol. iv. p. 112. 
3 Archeologia, vol. xliv. p. 273. 
4 Ancient Stone Implements, ut ante, p. 262. 
229 
