A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
sold them over again to the brass founders for sixpence. Bronze imple- 
ments are on record as having been found at various places: At Arthuret 
and at Aspatria, bronze’ palstaves'; at Camp Graves, Bewcastle, bronze 
spear-head ; at Oxhouse Oaks, Edenhall, bronze hatchets; in Eskdale, 
bronze spear-head; in Geltsdale, near the ‘ Written Rock,’ bronze celt; at 
Southerfield, Holm Cultram, bronze spear-head ; Irthing River, between 
Naworth and Lanercost, bronze socketed celt ; Irthington, bronze pal- 
stave of adze form, very rare; Keswick, bronze palstave with ribs; 
Longtown, bronze flanged celt ; Naworth Castle, at or near, bronze 
spear-head ; Netherby, three bronze spear-heads and three bronze 
palstaves ; Stanwix, bronze javelin head ; and Wigton, bronze flanged 
celt.” 
BRONZE AGE 
a. Buriat PLACEs 
Cumberland, like Westmorland, Northumberland and Durham, is 
prolific in the barrow of the dolicho-cephalic race, but a very small 
number of them have as yet been carefully examined. Many of these 
grave-mounds are simple heaps of stones, being what are usually called 
“cairns.” These are very liable to be destroyed as the area of cultiva- 
tion extends; the stones of which they are composed afford good 
material for road making and mending, for building the stone walls so 
characteristic of the fells, and for the filling in of drains. Many have 
been thus destroyed without any record whatever being kept, beyond, in 
a few cases, an inaccurate paragraph in a local paper. These barrows, 
cairns, or tumuli, exist, or have existed, or have been thought to exist or 
to have existed, at various places: At Arthuret Church, large tumuli ; 
on Aughertree Fell, Ireby, tumulus; Askerton Park, three cairns ; 
Belmont, Penrith, cistvaen only remaining ; Bleatarn, tumuli; Boat 
How, cairns ; Boothby, tumulus ; Brampton, tumuli ; Barnscar, exten- 
sive settlements, enclosures, walls, cairns, burials in urns ; Bewcastle, The 
Curragh, Skelton Pike, two large cairns ; Bewcastle, on Baronspike or 
Barnspike, tumulus ; Bewcastle, the Shiel Knowe, starfish cairn ; Bew- 
castle, on the White Lyne river, cairns; Binsey summit, tumulus ; 
Birkerthwaite, Green How, cairns and enclosures; Blencarn, tumulus ; 
Blencow Bank, with urns, incense cups, burnt bones ; Brackenhill Tower, 
with cist and interments; Broadfield, Inglewood Forest, tumulus, 
circular enclosure, stone cists; Burnmore, cairns ; Carling Knott, tumuli ; 
between Carlisle and Wigton, tumuli; Castle Carrock, Brampton, 
on the Fell, cairns; Cumrew, cairns; Castle Carrock, Caldbeck, 
cairns; Cawfell Beck, cairns; Dalston Hall, tumuli; Dunmailraise, 
* Professor Daniel Wilson defines palstaves as ‘ wedges (of bronze), more or less axe- 
shaped, having a groove on each side terminating in a stop ridge, and with lateral flanges 
destined to secure a hold on the handle.’ Preb. Ann., and edit., vol. i. p. 3823 cit. in 
Evans’s Ancient Bronze Implements, p. 72. 
* The authority for these implements will be found in ‘An Archeological Survey,’ etc., 
Evans’s Ancient Bronze Implements, and Catalogue of Museum, etc., all cited ante p. 228 note. 
230 
