EARLY MAN 
cairn; Dean, Parkhill, tumuli; Dalston, Chapel Flat, barrow, cist ; 
Dalston, Bracken How, tumulus, urns; Devoke Water, cairns, tumuli ; 
Eamont, opposite Mayburgh, tumulus; Ennerdale Water, cairns ; 
Edmund Castle Lodge, cist, urns ; Egremont Common, tumuli; Ellen- 
borough, tumulus; Friar’s Moor, tumulus with ditch ; Farlam, Kirk- 
house, cists and urns; Fisher’s Cross, Port Carlisle, tumulus ; Geltsdale, 
tumuli ; Gillalees Beacon, twin barrows, tumulus, and cairn ; Grassmoor, 
cairn ; Greystoke, Woundel Cairn, cairns ; Garlands, near Carlisle, urns, 
etc. ; Gelt Bridge, Castle Carrock, and Leafy Hill, cairns, cistvaens, 
urns, etc. ; Hackmoor Hill, cistvaen ; Hallbank Gate, tumulus ; Hart- 
side, Benty Hill, tumulus, called Old Anthony’s Chair; Hayton, 
Brampton, tumulus; Hesket-in-the-Forest, four small tumuli; Hind- 
scarth, large cairn; How Mill, great tumulus; Hesket Newmarket, 
barrow ; Isell, tumuli, one called The Grey Barrow ; Keswick, Falcon 
Crag, Latrig and Skiddaw, cairns and tumuli; Kirkoswald, Old Parks, 
large cairn of stones ; Knock’s Cross, Port Carlisle, tumulus ; Lanercost 
Bridge, tumulus; Lazonby Fell, cairns ; Moresby Hall, stone cists ; 
Newton Reigny, tumuli ; Ormstead Hill, near Eamont Cottage, tumulus ; 
Plumpton Mill Hill, cairns; Great Salkeld, raise or cairn; Great 
Salkeld, Wan Fell, tumulus ; Seatallan tumulus ; Stockdale Moor, cairns, 
near the long barrow called Sampson’s Bratful; Skelton, Loaden How, 
cairn; Thirlmere, Deergarth Wood, cairns; Tongue How, cairns; 
Ulpha Fell, cairns ; Unthank, Gamelsby Low Fell, cistvaen ; Woodhall, 
The Druid Grove, barrow.’ It must not be too hastily concluded that 
all the above tumuli and cairns are artificial burial places. Many of 
them have been put on the list on the authority of the Ordnance Survey, 
on whose maps they are marked with the word ‘tumulus.’ For instance, 
the two mounds near Dalston Hall, one on each side of the road, marked 
on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey map as tumuli, are mere undisturbed 
gravel knolls, the extremities of a long winding ribbon-like Esker. This 
was proved by excavation pluckily undertaken by two ladies, who were 
much disappointed with their results. ‘The same applies to the tumulus 
at Lanercost Bridge, and to many or all in the Brampton neighbourhood ; 
they are the remains of a great sheet of gravel, which once covered the 
district and has been cleared away by denudation, except the harder or 
more compact knobs. The Brampton Eskers cover a much larger area 
than any group in West Cumberland, and they may be seen at a height 
of 600 feet above the sea. Some of them have been opened by General 
Pitt-Rivers and Lord Carlisle ; nothing but Esker gravel was found. The 
great tumulus at How Mill may probably belong to this Esker group. 
There is a fine isolated Esker ridge a few yards south of Arthuret Church 
and Rectory, which accounts for the supposed tumuli there. There are 
accumulations of Esker gravel and sand in the parish of Kirklinton be- 
tween Black Snib peat moss and Brackenhill Tower, and again between 
1 The authority for these tumuli or cairns, etc., will be found in ‘An Archzological 
Survey,’ etc., ut ante p. 228 note. Further particulars will be given in this work in the 
accounts of the various parishes in which they are severally situate. 
231 
