EARLY MAN 
been on a hill near the further end (from Keswick) of Bassenthwaite 
Lake.’ Another vanished circle once existed near Ullock in the parish 
of Dean, and on Dean Common, near Studfold Gate, are the remains of 
another. Stone circles exist, or rather have existed, at Annaside, at 
Gutterby, Kirkstones (two circles), and at Standing Stones, near Hall Foss 
or Force, all in the parish of Whitbeck. Many more in Cumberland 
must have perished unrecorded. 
Rincs, Mounps AND CarRns 
Some of the circular enclosures of earth which occur in the dis- 
trict are connected with the stone circles by the fact that they protected 
burials. ‘Thus Mr. Hayman Rooke found on Broadfield, in Inglewood 
Forest, a circular enclosure of earth, 63 feet in diameter, within which 
was a stone circle. Excavation disclosed three small stone cists containing 
interments after cremation. It may be noted that the continuity of the 
earthen circle was incomplete, an entrance being left. Three small 
circles of earth, now destroyed, on the common at Kirkandrews-on-Eden, 
with diameters respectively of 5, 7 and g yards, protecting low barrows 
with urns, no doubt cinerary urns, were found about 1780.° 
But every circular enclosure of earth must not be assumed to be a 
place of burial; some large ones appear to have been cattle kraals, 
probably mediaval, for defence against wolves. On the other hand, the 
stone circles, large and small, seem to be primarily burial places, but 
some of the larger may have also been hypethral temples, or perhaps 
places for tribal palavers. 
So far we have been dealing almost wholly with the burial places 
(real or supposed) of the early inhabitants of the district, and with the 
pottery and other objects found in those graves. ‘That pottery is in its 
character funereal, or made for the purpose of being used with interments. 
Of the domestic pottery of corresponding date we know, so far as the 
Cumberland district is concerned, little or nothing ; nothing that can be 
identified as a specimen of such pottery exists in any of the local 
museums. It can only be under very remarkable circumstances that an 
unbroken specimen could survive from so remote an era. Fragments 
must exist somewhere, for fragments of fire-baked pottery are indestruc- 
tible, but they have not been locally recognized. The collection of local 
pottery in Tullie House, Carlisle, possesses no example, not even a 
recognized fragment, of domestic pottery earlier than Roman and late 
Celtic (often called Romano-British). A few beads and other trifling 
articles have been found in the graves of these people, and their 
weapons of stone and bronze have occurred in various places in the dis- 
1 The circle here referred to is situated on Elva Plain on the ridge separating the vales 
of Embleton and Derwent about a mile from Ouse bridge, the outlet of Bassenthwaite. It 
consists of fifteen stones and is about 105 paces in circumference.—J. W. 
2 Archeologia, vol. x. pp. 106-10. 
8 Hutchinson’s History of Cumberland, vol. ii. pp. 521-22 ; Whellan’s History of Cumber- 
land, p. 170. 
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