A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
marking time. In Cumberland, dials of a similar kind, carved on the 
flat surface of a wall with south aspect, and so rudely done that they 
must have been very insufficient for any but the roughest calculations, are 
found at Caldbeck, Torpenhow, Great Salkeld, Kirkoswald, and Newton 
Arlosh churches, and two at Dearham and four at Isel. The late Rev. 
W. S. Calverley, F.S.A., whose researches have added so much to our 
knowledge of pre-Norman art in Cumberland, thought that all these dials 
were pre-Norman in date, and that where they are found in medieval 
walls they had been removed from Anglo-Saxon churches and rebuilt into 
later work ; but it would be safer to say that they are pre-Norman only 
in type, not in date. 
It has been held by good authorities of the last generation that the 
Bewcastle cross should be dated tenth or eleventh century because the 
ornament resembles Carlovingian art ; but the general opinion in more 
i 
lV) agers 
ANGLIAN SHaFT, ADDINGHAM. FraGMEenT, WorkKINGTON. 
recent times’ is in favour of an earlier age and an influence from Ravenna 
and other north Italian towns through St. Wilfrith, who is known to 
have brought foreign artists into the north of England. It has even 
been claimed as one of the works of the Maestri Comacini, but this is not 
proved. It can however be classed with many other works done in the 
flush of the great renaissance of the late seventh century, in which Bene- 
dict Biscop and St. Wilfrith were leaders, and king Alchfrith and his 
1 Prof. G. Stephens, O/¢-Northern Runic Monuments; Dr. Sophus Miller, arb. f. Nord. Oldk. og 
Hist. (1880) ; the Rev. W.S. Calverley, Early Sculptured Crosses of the Diocese of Carlisle (1899); Wilhelm 
Vietor, Die Northumbrischen Runensteine (1895) ; the Bishop of Bristol (Right Rev. G. F. Browne), The 
Conversion of the Heptarchy (1896), are among the writers who have discussed the subject. 
256 
