REMAINS OF THE PRE-NORMAN PERIOD 
wife Cyniburg, and her sister and brother, Cyneswitha and king Wulf- 
here of Mercia (all named on this cross) were chief patrons. It is not 
of the Hexham school, but of a school of that age and character, from 
which came many fine works quite alien in spirit to the art of north 
England in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and impossible to have been 
executed in that period of storm and stress, when the churches were 
ravaged by the Danes ; and it is equally impossible to class it as Norman. 
The archeological evidence is all 
in favour of the date assigned to it 
by the inscription—the first year 
of king Ecgfrith, 670-71 a.p. ; 
and it has a great importance in 
the history of art as the starting- 
point from which not only all our 
Cumbrian sculpture was derived, 
but (with Ruthwell cross, its 
younger sister) the model for 
much of that so-called Hiberno- 
Saxon art which has been confused 
with it. 
At Addingham church, in 
the porch, are preserved two red 
sandstone fragments of an Anglian 
cross, nearly equal in fineness of 
design and skill of workmanship 
to that at Bewcastle. At St. 
Michael’s, Workington, is a frag- 
ment with a symmetrical floral 
design, not now very distinct, and 
a key-pattern beneath it, and on 
the edges carefully drawn inter- 
laced work ending in a flattened 
loop like that at Addingham. In 
the same church at Workington 
is the beautiful fragment found in 
the tower by Mr. W. L. Fletcher 
after the fire of 1887, with the 
best kind of Anglian interlacing 
on all its four sides, but neither 
floral scroll-work, nor figures, nor 
key-patterns ; this, from the symmetry and execution of its ornament, 
seems to rank with good Anglian work, though it shows what the late 
Canon Knowles called ‘the ear-shaped guilloche’ and thought to be 
a mark of later Scandinavian influence. At Waberthwaite church, in 
the vestry, is part of an Anglian shaft with a good symmetrical inter- 
lacing on one side and a leaf-scroll on the other, without the fruit seen 
at Bewcastle and Addingham. 
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