REMAINS OF THE PRE-NORMAN PERIOD 
of the arms is a similar but smaller feature attached to the central boss by 
arib or spine. The topmost arm of the head, instead of being merely 
enlarged by the graceful curve at the ‘ arm-pits,’ as in the other two Car- 
ee oly ay PO a 
Fratry, Car isle. Assey, CarRLisLe. CaTHEpRaL, CARLISLE. 
lisle heads, Irton and Ruthwell crosses, and many others (by no means an 
exclusively Celtic form), in this case becomes a ‘ hammer-head.’ There 
are two reasons for considering it Anglian: one that it resembles the 
Abbey head which has Anglian floral work, and the other that Carlisle, 
as a home of Christian population among whom such work could have 
been done, came to an end in 876, and therefore these crosses must be 
earlier than the Scandinavian period, while they are certainly not pre- 
Saxon. 
Now these Carlisle cross-heads give us the key to a great series of 
Cumbrian art for which they, or others like them now destroyed, served 
as models. From Carlisle westward to Beckermet, and south-eastward to 
Addingham, there are cross-heads evidently degenerated from these well- 
executed types. At Bromfield isa white sandstone hammer-headed cross, 
with perhaps a much-worn ‘lorgnette’ in the 
topmost arm. At Distington is another without 
any ‘lorgnette.’ At Brigham is a white ‘ ham- 
merhead’ in which the ‘lorgnette’ is replaced by 
a small incised Latin cross; and at Kirkoswald, 
known by other finds as an Anglian site, is the 
tip of a red sandstone head with a combined + 
and X in a circle. At Cross Canonby is a 
broken white head with ‘lorgnettes’ ; another at 
Bridekirk has the rest of the space filled with 
wandering spirals in relief. At Distington ey ’ 
* ° . AM. 
another white fragment has the spirals without 
the ‘lorgnette,’ and a third has remains of interlacing. Finally, at 
Dearham and St. John’s, Beckermet, are similar white cross-heads with 
‘lorgnettes,’ and enough of the shaft remaining to tell us that the whole 
monument was utterly unlike the Bewcastle cross, 
259 
