A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
suggested : (Fo)rin-si Cr(ist air), ‘Be gracious to him, O Christ !’ (see 
Early Sculptured Monuments in the Diocese of Carlisle, pp. 26-31). 
METAL-WoRK 
In the Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, are various objects of 
British workmanship found with urns of a late-Celtic type at Carlisle. 
There is the bronze torque found in English street ; the enamelled 
Celtic fibula of late Roman time found in building the new market, 
and another fibula like it; pins of the same period, and horse-trappings, 
representing native art during and for some time after the Roman 
occupation. A more magnificent specimen is the iron sword in a bronze 
sheath found at Embleton, and now in the British Museum. The sword 
is about 20 inches long, slightly curved and double-edged. Round the 
pommel are bits of paste en cabochon, alternately light red and emerald 
green. The sheath is of thin bronze with a chequer pattern ; its bands 
and tip are of solid bronze. The style of pattern called late-Celtic, 
with trumpet-shaped curves and spirals, lasted through the Roman 
period and into the Christian age. This is seen, for example, in the 
stone monuments and metal-work of Scotland ; and in Cumberland there 
was a curious instance in the late-Celtic disc of champlevé enamel 
(British Museum, from Crosthwaite’s Museum at Keswick), which was 
used to attach a hook to an Anglo-Saxon bronze bowl. The locality 
and circumstances of the find are however unknown. 
Of dated relics in metal-work we have the hoard found in June 
1855 at Scotby, 6 feet deep in a peat moss, comprising about 100 coins 
of Edward the Elder and Athelstan (g1o-41) with ten or twelve 
ingots, an iron horse-shoe with six square holes for nails, and a small 
iron bill-hook. At Kirkoswald early in the nineteenth century were 
found more than 700 stycas, dating from 796 to 854, with a silver fibula 
now in the British Museum. It is trefoil-shaped, with flat red paste 
jewels, one of which remains in place; the ornament is solid and in high 
relief. It used to be ascribed to the period of Offa, king of Mercia 
(d. 796), but rather resembles later Scandinavian types. Both these 
hoards are of the Viking age. 
At Carlisle Castle was found a brooch with an Anglo-Saxon inscrip- 
tion, present locality unknown and description imperfect ; but another 
fibula, said to have been found near Carlisle, and exhibited in 1859 by 
the Rev. Tullie Cornthwaite, is described in the catalogue of the collec- 
tion shown at the meeting of the Royal Archeological Institute as 
penannular, and of copper or some other base metal thickly plated with 
gold, about 2 inch in diameter. Other penannular brooches have been 
found near Dacre and Penrith, and at Brayton. The first was discovered 
in Newbiggin Moor Silver Field near Fluskew Pike, Dacre, in 1785, 
together with silver rings, near a site of interment with stone coffins, 
urns and bones. It can hardly have had more than an accidental con- 
nection with these interments in urns, for the engraving in Clarke’s 
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