A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
inserted, evidently mere remnants of a more complete covering. A 
triangular space is filled with red enamel in panels. Gold filigree of 
this kind with garnets was much used in Scandinavia in the later part of 
the early Iron Age, but enamel was, though not unknown, exceedingly 
rare. This sword may therefore belong to the earlier Anglian period ; 
and it may be remarked in passing how few remains we have which can 
certainly be attributed to that age, beyond some sculptured stones in the 
north and west of the county. Most of these bits of metal-work, and 
by far the greatest part of the sculptured stones, refer to the later pre- 
Norman period, after the Danish and Norse invasions. 
With these remains may be mentioned the ‘ Saxon beads of glass 
and other ornaments, which may be seen at the rectory’ of Kirkbride, 
as Whellan stated in 1860; and the spinning-whorl of black and red 
dull glass found at Moresby, and now in the Anglo-Saxon room of the 
British Museum. 
There can be no doubt that, as Chancellor Ferguson has remarked 
above, many other pieces of ancient metal-work have been found and 
lost again or destroyed ; but such fine examples as the Embleton sword, 
the Dacre fibula, and those here described, show that the earlier Celts 
and later Teutonic settlers of Cumbria were not without wealth and art. 
EARTHWORKS 
The ancient earthworks of Cumberland other than those of Roman 
origin are taken together here, though some may have been constructed 
before the Romans came, and some were certainly in use after the Nor- 
man Conquest. But as a series they are connected with the dark age 
between Romans and Normans rather than with any other period; and it 
is only by taking them in series, and comparing one with another, that 
much light can be thrown upon what has always been an obscure part of 
local archeology. Many of these earthworks have disappeared since they 
were described by writers of 100 years ago. In those cases we must fall 
back on the old descriptions and plans, though skilled exploration would 
even yet yield interesting results, if such attention were given to non- 
Roman sites as lately has been given to the Roman Wall. 
We can roughly divide the known remains into duns, tuns and motes ; 
that is to say, strongholds of British type, many of which we may find 
to be post-Roman; enclosures by Teutonic settlers, probably for domestic 
and agricultural purposes, and only secondarily used as walls of defence ; 
and mounds, wholly or partly artificial, on which the later settlers, 
whether Anglian, Danish or Norman, built their wooden houses, sur- 
rounded by trench and stockade, with or without the addition of a base- 
court. ‘These last sometimes developed into the medieval pele or the 
Edwardian castle ; and probably, in a few cases, the early mote is now 
quite lost in the midst of a modern town. The better the site, the more 
likely it would be to find favour with successive generations of inhabit- 
ants, and to be transformed, century after century, into the kind of dwel- 
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