REMAINS OF THE PRE-NORMAN PERIOD 
433) says that they were in his time almost defaced, and no remains 
known to date them ; they were about 50 yards wide, one NNE. and 
the other SSW. of the castle. Such also was the square camp at 
Cunninggarth, near Shawkbeck quarries, which used to be thought 
Roman because it was near the rock in the quarries with a Roman 
inscription, and because not far away urns containing ashes and bones 
were found in the barrow called Toddle Hill, long since removed. 
There are several minor square enclosures in this district, and some 
near Stockdalewath especially interesting, which were described with 
figures by Hayman Rooke in the eighteenth century (Hutchinson, 
Hi. 430-1). 
Of these, Castlesteads was a square camp of 188 by 160 yards, 
with corners rounded and two entrances, one in the middle of the north 
side, through which a paved way seems to have led, and one near the 
south-eastern corner. In the middle of the area was a smaller enclosure, 
86 yards square, containing the ruins of three houses, where stones and 
ashes were found, but no urns. This has some little resemblance to 
Caermote, but it is more like the plan of an Anglian or Scandinavian 
settler’s homestead, with its tdémgarth surrounding the fda or homefield, 
and group of dwellings in the middle. 
Whitestones was a square area, 100 by 98 yards wide, enclosed 
by a single ditch and vallum, with corners much rounded off, and no 
remains observed ; one side and corner of the dyke had been obliterated. 
Stoneraise was a similar square of 67 yards, two sides and part of the 
third only remaining, for several hundred loads of stones had already 
been carted away from the site. Within the area were walls and ruins 
of buildings and cairns; a tooth and bits of burnt bones and ashes 
were found in the cairns, and querns and an iron billhook. Near these 
was a tumulus of 63 feet diameter, on which there had once been a 
stone circle ; and in it stone coffins and bones were found, but it does 
not follow that the sites were contemporary with the circle. They 
appear to have been dwelling-places, and of a much more recent origin 
than such a tumulus would be if it was of the Bronze age type, like 
the similar tumulus with a circle recently excavated at Glassonby. 
At the Heights, Westward, a place called Height Rigg Camp 
or Stoneraise Camp Trenches existed formerly, and was described 
by G. A. Dickson in 1816 (4rcheologia Elana, i. 132, with plan). 
Two parallel dykes, about 225 paces in length and 60 paces apart, ran 
east and west ; a door was in the middle of the most northerly, and 
on each side of the door were remains of building or entrenchment 
connected by a paved way (as at Castlesteads). The western enclosure 
was rectangular, 28 by 40 paces, with a wall running out from the 
middle of its western side for 45 paces, and a door opening on the 
causeway which led to the eastern building, and into it by another 
door. This eastern building, or what remained of it, was a semicircle, 
and a great stone stood in the centre. Four large tumuli, the writer 
mentions, stood about a mile away, and another half-way between them 
I 289 U 
