THE DOMESDAY BOOK 
and in a few years, perhaps in 1134, Ranulf his son, while Henry I. still 
lived, took the first step to bring the abbey of Calder into being. The found- 
ing of no less than four religious houses during one reign, within such a 
small area as the modern county of Cumberland, betokens considerable 
advances in peaceful avocations, as it isa guarantee that the king was awake 
to the needs of civilizing agencies for the internal development of his 
northern dominions. But Henry had a greater work in contemplation 
for the complete reconciliation of the district to English rule. The 
land of Carlisle, annexed by his brother, had remained ecclesiastically 
in the position of a waif and stray, after the bounds of the kingdom of 
Scotland had been fixed at the Solway. The bishop of Glasgow and the 
archdeacon of Richmond were competitors for its possession and over- 
sight, but the king, setting both aside, raised it to the dignity of a See 
in 1133, with the seat of the bishop in Carlisle. It was William Rufus 
who first conquered southern Cumbria and made the Solway the ze plus 
ultra of Scottish territory, but it was by king Henry that the district 
was supplied with institutions and organized as a settled division of the 
English kingdom. 
Before we pass to the contents of the Pipe Rolls a few words 
remain to be said on the formation of the English county as it was 
recognized at the Exchequer. We have seen that the ancient kingdom 
of Cumbria was bounded on the south-west by the river Duddon.’ 
The other southern extremity on its eastern limb, well marked by 
the natural features of the Pennine range, was the Rerecross on 
Stainmore.? The northern boundary of English Cumbria may be 
stated approximately as the Solway, Esk, and Liddel. That this was its 
furthest limit was admitted by the acts of David, both as prince and as 
king of Scotland.* But the area within these bounds was not by any 
means a homogeneous unit when it came under English rule. Cumber- 
land was used as a general name for the tract of territory south of the 
Solway and the Esk, so lately added to the kingdom. At the date of 
the first extant Pipe Roll, 1130, a division of this land of Carlisle 
or Cumberland, for the fiscal purposes of revenue and assessment, had 
been made at the Exchequer as ‘Chaerleolium’ and ‘ Westmarieland,’ 
each of which was in charge of a sheriff. It can scarcely be 
alleged that either of these areas ranked as a fully equipped shire or 
county at that date. That the division was more nominal than real, 
a mere matter of convenience among the permanent officials of the 
1 Palgrave, Documents and Records, p. 70. 
2 Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, p. 204, ed. Skene ; CAronicon de Lanercost, p. 65, Maitland Club. 
3 The document in the Chartulary of Glasgow known as the Inguisicio Davidis, which is the record 
of an inquisition into the possessions of the bishopric of Glasgow made about the year 1120 by the wise 
old men of Cumbria, while David was prince of Scotland, states that Cumbria was the region situated 
‘inter Angliam et Scociam,’ but that David did not at that time rule over the whole of it—‘Non enim 
toti Cumbrensi regioni dominabatur’ (Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis, No. i. p. 3, ed. Innes ; Haddan 
and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, ii. 17-9 ; Sir James Dalrymple, Collections, pp. 337- 
40). In the grant of Anandale to Robert de Brus by David as king of Scots, that is, some time after 
1124, the king described the limits of his grant as extending up to the bounds of Randulf Meschin 
when he held Carlisle and the land of Cumberland (British Museum, Cotton Charters, xviii. 45 ; 
Facsimiles of National MSS. of Scotland, i. No. xix.). See Note A on p. 335. 
399 
