A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 
with a number of other places and persons there named. These sections 
follow one another in direct sequence, the account of William son of 
Alured naturally falling into its place between Carlisle and Westmor- 
land, as stated in the general rubric of that division. It should also be 
noticed that the same person is named in the sheriff’s account for Sussex,’ 
the county in which the tower of ‘ Penvesel’ or Pevensey was and is now 
situated. This explanation has been made in order to lay the spectre, 
which troubled the dreams of Freeman,” that the tower of ‘ Penvesel,’ 
mentioned in the account of William son of Alured, was an appurtenant 
of the county of Carlisle. It can have had no reference to the keep of 
any castle in that city or district. 
No other Pipe Rolls are known till we come to the reign of 
Henry IL., after the county had been recovered from the king of Scots 
in 1157. From this date they are continuous and furnish indispensable 
materials for north country history during the remaining portion of the 
twelfth century. It would be superfluous to attempt an analysis of their 
contents, either in illustration of the descent of baronies and parishes, or 
in declaring the various sources of the revenue of the Crown. As these 
Rolls will be the subject of constant reference when we come to trace 
the history of the landed property of the county, any further examina- 
tion in this respect may be omitted. On the other hand, the sources 
of public revenue are not so widely different from those of other 
counties that they should call for separate treatment. Any peculiarities © 
of revenue arising from the custody of the forests or the management 
of the mines, like the profits of the royal manors or the farm of the 
escheats, will be noted in their proper places in the Topographical 
Section. It is scarcely possible to disentangle several sources of revenue 
and to discuss them separately, as they are often returned by the 
sheriff under one rent. The farm of the county was rendered in one 
sum with the issues of the royal demesnes. The escheats were managed 
by the sheriff in the same manner as other Crown property, except for 
the last few years of Richard I., when Hugh Bardolf was escheator for 
Cumberland and the northern counties. Pleas of the forest, always of a 
miscellaneous character, only begin in 1167, and are continued with 
intermissions, the fines and payments going to the king and not to the 
forester. Of what may be called casual revenue, instances of dones, aids, 
tallages, scutages, reliefs, wardships, and marriages frequently occur. It 
must not be understood that any of these were of voluntary assessment. 
The donum, which perhaps came nearest our idea of a free gift and 
occurs earliest in the Rolls, whatever may have been its original nature, 
was really a tax imposed according to the necessities of state and levied 
by the sheriff. The other forms of imperial revenue which we have 
mentioned offer no special features for individual investigation. 
But there was one important source of the public revenue in Cum- 
berland which has attracted much attention from legal antiquaries, and 
1 Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I. pp. 68, 69, 70, ed. J. Hunter. ® William Rufus, ii. 551. 
312 
