174 CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 
like the rest of the plant, about a quarter- 
inch long, divided into two cells by a trans- 
parent papery partition, which remains on 
the thread-like pedicel after the seeds have 
fallen — like an eyeglass in a rim. Each 
cell contains about a half-dozen flattened 
brown seeds. 
Means of control 
Sow clean seed. Plants newly established 
in clover field or meadow should be hand- 
pulled or cut by themselves and burned, 
for their seeds not only will foul the ground, 
but also, if cured with the hay, will be made 
certain of further distribution. Their hairy 
surface makes these weeds susceptible to 
injury from sprays such as Iron or Copper 
Sulfate applied when buds are developing. 
Early spring and late autumn cultivation 
will destroy the seedlings and rosettes. 
PENNY CRESS 
Thléspi arvénse, L. 
Fie. 119. — Gray Ber- 3 
ter erteroa incana), Other English names: Frenchweed, Stink- 
3. rae , weed, Stinking Mustard, Bastard Cress, 
Wild Garlic. 
Introduced. Annual and winter annual. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: As soon as snow melts in spring, beginning on 
autumn plants already budded; spring seedlings bloom later 
and continue until fall. 
‘Seed-time: Autumn plantsripen seed in early July. Spring seedlings 
mature fruit in August. Both continue seeding until winter. 
Range: Northern and Middle Western United States; in all Cana~- 
dian provinces, but most abundant in Manitoba and the 
Northwest Territory. j 
Habitat: Grainfields, meadows, roadsides and waste places. 
This weed is perhaps the most hated enemy of the western farmer, 
and is considered to have caused greater loss than any other in- 
truder in the grain fields of Minnesota, the Dakotas, and western 
