COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 423 
teen to twenty in number, pistillate and fertile; disk florets 
perfect. Achehnes ovoid, flattened, hairy, with a double pappus, 
the inner row of long hairs, the outer one of short and chaff- 
like bristles. (Fig. 294.) 
Means of control 
Prevent seed development and distribution by early cutting of 
infested grasslands. Destroy the perennial roots by cultivation of 
the soil, which should be so enriched as to be enabled to support 
plants of a better quality. 
HAIRY GOLDEN ASTER 
« Chrysépsis villésa, Nutt. 
Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: July to September. 
Seed-time: August to October. 
Range: Wisconsin to Manitoba, and southward to Kentucky, 
Kansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 
Habitat: Grain fields, meadows, and pastures. 
A near relative of the preceding plant and even more pernicious 
because blooming earlier. It is taller, stouter, with fewer but 
larger blossoms, the heads solitary at the ends of the many branches 
and more than an inch broad. Stem two to three feet tall, stiff, 
woody, rough, and gray with close-pressed hairs which are per- 
sistent. Leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse at apex, the upper ones 
rounded at base and sessile, the lower ones narrowing to a petiole; 
they are hoary with stiff, appressed hairs, the larger, lower ones 
with bristly, fringed bases. Bracts of the involucre awl-shaped 
and very hairy. Achenes three- to five-ribbed, the outer row of 
the double pappus very spreading and bristly. 
Means of control should be the same as for the preceding plant. 
GRAY GOLDENROD 
Solidago nemordlis, Ait. 
Other English names : Field Goldenrod, Low Goldenrod, Dyer’s Weed. 
Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: Late July to November. 
