426 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 
one-sided, densely crowded, the heads small and rather dull yellow, 
with nine to fifteen rays, the pedicels hairy. Achenes smooth or 
very slightly hairy, with fine, bristly pappus. (Fig. 296.) 
Means of control 
Prevent the development and distribution of the plumed seeds 
by close cutting while in early bloom. Its creeping, underground 
stems make this plant more difficult of suppression than others of 
its kindred, but fall plowing and exposure of the rootstocks to sun- 
drying and freezing will destroy them. Small areas should be 
grubbed out for the protection of neighboring ground. 
STIFF, OR HARD-LEAVED, GOLDENROD 
Solidago rigida, L. 
Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: August to October. 
Seed-time: September to November. 
Range: Ontario to the Northwest Territory, southward to Georgia, 
Texas, and Colorado. 
Habitat: Dry soil; hills and plains; meadows and pastures. 
Stem one to five feet tall, stout, rigid, simple or branched above, 
gray with a fine rough-hairiness. Leaves oblong to ovate, thick, 
rigid, with prominent feather-veins, rough-hairy on both sides, 
usually obtuse, the lowermost sometimes a foot long with stiff 
petioles and slightly toothed, the upper ones short, rounded at the 
base, entire, and sessile. Panicle very large and showy, corym- 
bose, densely many-headed, the heads very large for Goldenrod, 
about a third of an inch high, containing thirty or more florets, 
the rays seven to ten, spreading; bracts of the involucre obtuse, 
the outer row hairy. Achenes smooth, with fine’ bristly pappus. 
Means of control the same as for Gray Goldenrod. 
NARROW-LEAVED GOLDENROD 
Solidago graminifolia, Salish. 
(Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt.) 
Other English names: Fragrant Goldenrod, Bushy Goldenrod, 
Creeping Yellow-weed. 
Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds and by rootstocks. 
