COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 451 
broadly ovate, pointed, three-nerved, coarsely and irregularly 
toothed, narrowed abruptly to bristly petioles. Heads in dense 
terminal and axillary spikes, subtended 
by narrowly lance-shaped, spreading, 
very hairy bracts, much longer than 
the greenish heads, which are scarcely 
an eighth of an inch in diameter. 
Involucre hairy, its bracts three to 
five, distinct or sometimes united at 
base; central florets staminate ; fertile 
florets, marginal, three to five. Achenes 
about an eighth of an inch long, with- 
out pappus, similar to those of Poverty 
Weed but ribbed on the face. They 
are to be, guarded against in alfalfa 
seed from the Southwest. (Fig. 314.) 
Means of control 
Prevent seed production. Meadows 
infested with this weed should be har- 
vested early, before the plants have 
matured. Its bristly and woody stems 
are rejected by cattle as fodder, and 
if the plants are not extremely numer- 
ous it would pay to remove them by 
hand-pulling from a good stand of al- 
Fig.. 314.— Rough Marsh 
Elder (Iva ciliata). x }. 
falfa. Plants along ditches and streams should be destroyed 
by hoe-cutting or mowing while young. 
HIGHWATER SHRUB 
Iva szanthifolia, Nutt. 
Other English names: False Ragweed, False Sunflower, Red River 
Weed, Halfbreed Weed, Burweed Marsh Elder. 
Native. Annual. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: Late July to September. 
Seed-time: September to November. 
Range: Michigan and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south- 
ward to Nebraska, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. 
Habitat: Grain fields, meadows, cultivated crops, waste places. 
