468 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 
abruptly to a hairy petiole; the lower ones opposite (sometimes 
in whorls of three), the upper ones alternate. Heads about three 
inches broad, with twelve to twenty bright yellow sterile rays. 
Disk-florets perfect and fertile, tubular, five-lobed, and lighter 
yellow than the rays. Involucre 
hemispheric, its spreading bracts 
lance-shaped, sharp-pointed, and 
hairy. Achenes wedge-shaped, 
four-sided, hairy on the angles, 
crowned with a pair of awl-shaped 
scales or awns which quickly fall 
away. (Fig. 326.) ~ 
Means of control 
Artichokes are very fattening, 
and a profitable way of clearing | 
the ground of their presence is by 
turning in hogs to pasture — with 
untrammeled snouts —in the au- 
tumn, when the tubers are most 
crisp and succulent. Or the root- 
stocks may be starved by close and 
persistent cutting of the stalks in 
Fie. 326.— Jerusalem Artichoke 
(Helianthus tuberosus). x }. k 
3 early summer, when their stored 
sustenance is most nearly depleted, allowing no new growth of 
leaves for replenishment. Dry salt on the shorn surfaces is an 
effective aid in checking new growth. 
WINGED IRONWEED 
-  Actinémeris alternifolia, DC. 
(Verbesina alternifolia, Brit.) 
Other English names: Yellow Jronweed, Wingstem. 
Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds. 
Time of bloom: August to September. 
Seed-time: September to October. 
Range: New York and New Jersey to Ontario, Jowa, and Kansas, 
southward to Florida and Louisiana. ae 
Habitat: Meadows and pastures, roadsides, and waste places.’ ’ 
