122 ENTOMOLOGY FOR MEDICAL OFFICERS 



tufts of (cephalothoracic) breathing-threads instead of breath- 

 ing-trumpets. The aquatic larvs of some Chironomidce_ are 

 rapacious. 



The majority of the blood-sucking Chironomids belong 

 to the Ceratopogonine genera Culicoides, Latreille (with 

 which, according to Williston, (Ecacta, Poey, is synonymous) 

 and Johannseniella, Williston ( = Ceratolophus, Kieffer). The 

 species of Culicoides (Fig. 28) are found in all parts of the 

 world ; the females bite during the day and at evening, and 

 in many parts of India — as well, according to Graham, as in 



Fig. 28. — CvXicaidzs sp. 



West Africa — are, by Europeans, popularly (or, rather, 

 unpopularly) known as " sand-flies " — a name which some 

 entomologists apply to the species of Phlebotomus. They 

 are minute midges, generally of a blackish colour (when not 

 full of the red blood of a victim) and having broadish, 

 usually blotched and minutely-hairy wings ; the antennae 

 consist of 14 segments, the 4th and 5th longitudinal veins are 

 forked and there are no posterior cross-veins, and the 

 empodia are much shorter than the claws. The larvae are 

 slender and worm-like, and they live in the sap that exudes 

 from injured trees. The species of Culicoides often attack in 

 swarms ; although they are so minute they can bite through 

 a stocking, and their bite is particularly irritating, often 



