ORDER DIPTERA: THE PUPIPARA 187 



adapted to a parasitic life on mammals and birds, as is shown 

 by the little use made of the wings — or the degeneration, or 

 disappearance of these organs ; by the great development 

 of the legs, and particularly of the claws, for clinging ; and 

 by the method of reproduction, in which the safety of the 

 larva is ensured by special means. They are found in all 

 parts of the world, and though they do not habitually — or 

 even commonly — bite man, they cause much annoyance to 

 domestic animals ; and certain species are known to be the 

 infective agents of some destructive trypanosome diseases of 

 domestic animals. 



In some Hippoboscidce the larva when extruded is known 

 to pupate in the ground; but in Melophagus (the "sheep- 

 tick ") the pupa is often found entangled in the fleece of the 

 parent's host. 



Synopsis of genera of Hippoboscidse ; after Speiser. 



A. Wings well developed and functional = i. 



B. Wings rudimentary or wanting = 2. 

 /-Claws with the usual two points (heel and tip) ; parasitic on 



mammals = 3. 



Iciaws with three teeth ; parasitic on birds = 4. 



'Head of normal form, not broadly impinging on the thorax, freely 

 movable ; no ocelli. Wings always present = Hippobosca. 

 Head flat, broadly impinging on the thorax ; ocelli present. 

 Wings sometimes (in the female nearly always) becoming 

 detached, leaving only a shred Lipoptena. 



/Ocelli present = 5. 



\ Ocelli wanting. No anal cell = 6. 



/Anal cell present = 7. 



I No anal cell = Ornithophila. 



(Third longitudinal vein not elbowed at the anterior cross-vein 

 = Ornithomyia. 

 Third longitudinal vein abruptly bent forwards at the level of the 

 anterior cross-vein = Ornithceca. 



(Wings of a peculiarly pointed form, the tip however rounded 

 = Lynchia. 

 Wings of the ordinary form but less expanded than in Ornithomyia, 

 with broadly rounded tip = Olfersia. 



rWings present, but rudimentary and functionless : halteres present 



ic 



Wings and halteres absent = Melophagus. 



/Claws with the usual two points (heel and tip) = 9. 



IClaws with three teeth = 10. 



