Chap. IX. MOVEMENTS OP THE POLLINIA. 273 



E, p. 18) the two flaps or sides contract and curl inwards ; 

 and this causes the divergence of the poUinia. By a 

 kind of contraction two valleys are likewise formed in 

 front of the caudicles, so that the latter are thrown 

 forwards and downwards, almost in the same way as if 

 trenches were dug in front of two upright poles, and 

 then carried on so as to undermine them. As far as I 

 could perceive, an analogous contraction causes the 

 depression of the pollinia in Orchis mascula. With 0. 

 hircina both pollinia are attached to a single rather large 

 square disc, the whole front of which, after exposure 

 to the air, sinks down and is then separated from the 

 hinder part by an abrupt step. By this contraction both 

 pollinia are carried forwards and downwards. 



Some pollinia which had been gummed our card for 

 several months, when placed in water, rose up and 

 afterwards underwent the movement of depression. 

 A fresh poUinium, on being alternately damped and 

 exposed to the air, rises and sinks several times alter- 

 nately. Before I had ascertained these facts, which 

 show that the movement is simply hygrometric, I 

 thought that it was a vital action, and tried vapour 

 of chloroform and of prussic acid, and immersion in 

 laudanum; but these reagents did not check the 

 movement. Nevertheless, there are some difficulties 

 in understanding how the movement can be simply 

 hygrometric. The flaps of the saddle in Orchis pyra- 

 midalis (see fig. 3, D, p. 18) curl completely inwards 

 in nine seconds, which is a surprisingly short time 

 for mere evaporation to produce an effect ;* and the 



* This fact does not now appear awn of Stipa twists and untwists 



to me so suvpiising as it formerly when exposed to dry and damp air. 



did, for my son Francis has shown TheSe movements being due, as 



(' Transact. Linn. Soc' 2nd series, he has shown, to the twisting and 



Bot. vol. i. 1876, p. 149) with untwisttag of the separate cells, 

 what extraordinary quickness the 

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