150 WATCHED BY WILD ANIMALS 
of intelligence and the wisdom of experience. 
Surviving wolves have learned absolutely to 
avoid those insidious means of death that high 
bounties have led man to invent for'their exter- 
mination. 
Apparently, too, old wolves promptly edu- 
cate their children; so that the youngsters avoid 
these new complex dangers. Whether this edu- 
cation is consciously given on the part of the 
old wolves matters not. The fact that wolves 
multiplied in the midst of the concerted and 
relentless war waged against them by man indi- 
cates that the youngsters learned how to take 
care of themselves from the experience and not 
from the instincts of their parents. The safety- 
first slogan in the wolf world appears to be: 
“Avoid being seen by a man; and never, never 
touch anything that carries the scent of man or 
of iron or steel.” 
A generation or two ago a wolf took no pains 
to keep out of sight; now he uses his wits to 
avoid being seen. Then it was easy to trap 
him; now he has become exceedingly difficult 
to trap. Long-range rifles, poison, and steel 
traps brought about these changes. It was 
about 1880 when wolves began to develop this 
cunning for self-preservation. Heavy bounties 
brought numerous trappers and hunters into 
the wolf domain; but such was their develop- 
