22 Fretp Museum or Naturat History — Zoo.ocy, VOL. XI. 
where in Man they measured only 4600 and even less. Under such 
conditions an expert depending upon size alone* could not readily 
distinguish them from those of a Dog, or an Ape. The following 
measurements of red corpuscles of various mammals are selected 
from those given by Prof. G. Gulliver (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, 
p. 96; Jb., 1862, p. 102): Elephant atis, Man 3200, Ape 3412, 
Beaver sa'25, Wolf seloo, Tiger 1200, Bat 1324, Horse 1600, Sheep 
Bao 0, Red Deer 5 ono, Musk Deer 120 0. 
Stomach and Intestinal Canal — The passage through which food passes 
from the mouth to the stomach is called the esophagus, and in the 
majority of mammals the stomach consists of a single chamber, 
although varying somewhat in shape in different species. Sometimes 
it is divided into a series of chambers, as in the Ruminants, in 
which group the stomach contains at least three and usually four 
sections; or in the Cete, where the number varies from 3 to 8. 
o 
af 
\—s 
c 
z ) c 
7 1 
s 7 wee 
| ill 
n 2 z. - 
i, Stomach of Mouse. (After Wiedersheim.) 2, Common type of alimentary canal in many 
mammals. 1, large intestine; s, small intestine (much abbreviated); c, cecum; r, rectum; o, cesophagus. 
(After Flower and Lydekker.) 3, Portion of intestine, showing ccecum, of Proboscidion Shrew. c, 
coecum. (After Owen.) 4, Common type of ccecum in Man. c, coecum; v, vermiform appendix. 
(After Gray.) 
At the lower end of the stomach is what is called the pylorus, 
where it joins the small intestine, which in turn continues to the 
large intestine or colon which ultimately ends at the rectum. At 
the juncture of the large and small intestines there is usually a 
blind sac or pouch, known as the caput cecum coli, but, which has 
popularly been abbreviated into “cecum”’ (see illustration). This 
organ varies greatly in different mammals. In some species it is 
merely a slight bulge or apparently absent, while in- others it is 
largely developed. Ruminant animals have large ceca, but in the 
Cat tribe it is but slightly indicated. The Phalanger, Trichosurus 
vulpecula, has a ceecum fully one-fifth as long as the small intestine. 
In Man the caecum is present in the form of a sac two or three 
* The serological test (based upon the chemical character of the bl i 
- of value in most diagnoses, but cannot be depended upon to dishneain. the blood 
of Man from that of some of the higher Apes. . 
