84 Frecp Museum or Natura. History — Zoéroey, Vor. XI. 
by their ankle joints when in motion, and which can be distinctly 
heard at a distance of forty or fifty feet. When several are moving 
together the crackling sounds are continuous. 
In the Caribou the secondary hoofs are much larger and more 
functional than in others of our Deer and play an important part in 
the economy of the animal. Caton says,* “In traveling through the 
snows, or soft marshy ground, the Caribou throws his hind feet forward, 
so as to bring the leg into something of a horizontal position, spreads 
wide his claws, and broad accessory hoofs, and thus presents an extra- 
ordinary bearing surface to sustain him on the yielding ground, and 
so he is enabled to shuffle along with great rapidity, where any other 
large quadruped would mire in a bog, or become absolutely snow- 
bound.” 
While, so far as known, no attempt has been made by our native 
inhabitants to domesticate these animals, the Old World Reindeer 
Rangifer caribou 
Map illustrating the approximate range of the Woodland Garibou (Rangifer caribou) in eastern 
North America. North of about latitude 55° it is replaced by R. arcticus and in New Foundland by 
R. terraenove. 
Rangifer caribou (GMEL.). Type locality — Eastern Canada. Description as 
previously given. 
Rangifer terraenove BaNGs. (Prelim. Descript. New Foundland Caribou, Nov. 11, 
1896, P- 1). Type locality —Codroy, New Foundland. Paler than caribou, with 
a whitish ring around the eye; antlers larger and heavier. 
Rangifer arcticus (RicHARpson) (Fauna Bor. Amer., I, 1829, p. 241.) Type locality — 
Arctic Coast of America. Smaller than caribou; paler and grayer, becoming 
whitish in winter; antlers smaller. 
* Antelope and Deer of America, 1877, p. go. 
