Fes,. 1912. MamMats oF ILLINoIs anp WISCONSIN — Cory. 299 
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
(ADULTS.) 
GROUP 1. Total length (nose to end of tail vertebra) more than 43 inches; sides 
of neck not red brown or yellow brown; pupil of eye round. 
Color variable, gray usually predominating; tail vertebrae more than 9 inches 
long; diameter of upper canine teeth at base .50 inch or more; width of nose 
pad more than 1.25 inches. Gray WoLF or TIMBER WOLF. 
Cants nubilus, p. 313. 
Color similar to preceding species; tail vertebra less than 9 inches long; diameter 
of upper canine teeth at base less than .50 inch, usually .4 inch or less; width 
of nose pad less than 1.25 inches. CoyoTE OR PRAIRIE WOLF. 
Canis latrans, p. 322. 
GROUP 2. Total length less than 43 inches; pupil of eye elliptical. 
SECTION 1. Sides of neck red brown or reddish yellow. 
ParT 1. Back and sides of body red brown or reddish yellow; long hairs on 
tail mixed with soft under fur. 
Feet and considerable portion of legs blackish; throat white; no distinct 
red brown band on chest. Rep Fox. Vulpes fulvus, p. 305. 
Part 2. Back and sides of body not red brown or reddish yellow; hair on 
tail rather coarse, not mixed with soft under fur. 
Back grayish, the hair blended with black and grayish white; sides of 
neck red brown; a well marked red brown band on chest; total length 
usually less than 37 inches. Occurs within our limits in central 
and southern Illinois. Gray Fox. Urocyon cinereoargenteus, p. 300. 
Similar to last, but larger; rusty brown markings darker and more 
ferrugineous; total length usually 37 inches or more. Occurs within 
our limits in southern Wisconsin and perhaps in northern Illinois. 
Wisconsin Gray Fox. Urocyon c. ocythous, p. 303- 
SECTION 2. Sides of neck not red brown or reddish yellow; long hairs of 
tail mixed with soft under fur. 
General color black, hairs more or less tipped with white (Black Fox or 
Silver Fox); or general color more or less fulvous and gray, but with a 
black stripe across the shoulders and another down middle of the 
back (Cross Fox). These are color phases of the Red Fox (Vulpes 
fulvus) known as BLAcK Fox, SILVER Fox, and Cross Fox. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
(YOUNG.) 
The following characters by which the young (pups) of the various 
species may be recognized are given by Mr. Vernon Bailey (Circular 
No. 69, Bureau of Biological Survey, 1909, p. 2): 
“Muzzle blackish at birth, fading in a month or 6 weeks to grayish. Head grayish, 
in decided contrast to black of back, nose and ears. Ears black at tips, fading to 
grayish in a month or 6 weeks. Tail black, fading to gray with black tip.” 
Gray WotrF or TIMBER WoLr. Canis nubilus, p. 313. 
