Fep., 1912. MAMMALS OF ILLINOIS AND WisconsIN—Cory. 479 
and one species, H. sapiens, which is represented by various races in 
different parts of the World. 
The principle characters which distinguish the families belonging 
to the Anthropoidea from their nearest allies, the Lemuroidea, may 
briefly be summarized as follows: 
Orbit of skull largely separated from the temporal fossa by a plate 
of bone; lachrymal foramen situated inside the margin of the orbit 
instead of outside; upper incisors without diastemata (gaps between 
the teeth); second digit of hand well developed and second digit of foot 
with flattened nail, except in the Marmosets (Hapalide); cerebral 
hemispheres highly developed and nearly or quite concealing the cere- 
bellum; uterus not bicornate; placenta discoidal and deciduate; mam- 
me always thoracic, never abdominal. 
Family HOMINIDA. Man. 
Aside from the supposed distinctive psychological characters attrib- 
uted to members of this family, the following are the most important 
anatomical differences which distinguish Man from the highest Apes: 
Size and shape of the non-opposable hallux (which aids in assuming an 
upright position in walking); relative shortness of the arms; 12 rib- 
bearing vertebre; thumb relatively larger and with greater mobility; 
skull rounded and smooth (not ridged as in the Apes) and face less 
projecting; cerebral hemispheres greatly developed; absence of pro- 
jecting canines, etc. Various other characters, such as the usual absence 
of the scansorius muscle and the rudimentary character of the ear 
muscles, are often cited, but the occasional presence of the former and 
functional activity of the latter greatly detract from their value. 
The same may be said of the apparent absence of hair on the greater 
portion of the human body, as many abnormalities occur, and in any 
event the difference is evidently only in extent of development. 
There is no such development of the larynx in the human species 
as is shown in the large throat pouches of various Anthropoids; and 
as Beddard remarks, ‘‘The minute diverticula of that organ, known 
to human anatomists as the ventricles of Morgagni, alone remain to 
testify to the former howling apparatus in the ancestors of Man.”’* 
This does not necessarily imply that the original type of mammal 
from which the modern races of men have sprung was an Ape. That 
both Man and Ape are descended from a common ancestor has strong 
arguments in its favor, but we do not know what that ancestor was like. 
* Mammalia, London, 1902, p. 589. 
