APPENDIX. 
SOME ANIMALS OF THE PAST. 
While it is not my intention to include fossil species in the present 
work, it seems desirable to refer briefly to some of them which are known 
to have inhabited this region in past ages, especially as, in the case 
of the Proboscidians (huge elephant-like beasts), the teeth and bones, 
which are found from time to time within our limits, are of such great 
size as to excite curiosity as to their origin. It is hardly necessary to 
state, however, that my remarks are here designed merely as an intro- 
duction to the subject. 
During what is known as the Pleistocene Epoch, a period of time of 
vast antiquity although comparatively recent from the standpoint of 
the geologist, enormous numbers of strange mammals existed in North 
America. Elephants and Mastodons were very numerous, as well 
as Giant Sloths (Megalonyx), Camels, Llamas, Bison, peculiar Horses, 
Cats as large as a modern Tiger, Sabre-tooths (members of the Cat 
family having enormously developed canines), a huge Beaver-like 
animal (Castoroides) as large as a Bear, and a host of others large and 
small. By no means all of these animals are known to have inhabited 
this region, but many of them undoubtedly did, together with other 
strange creatures of which we know nothing. Bones of Mastodons 
and Mammoths, however, have frequently been found in Illinois and 
Wisconsin. Those of a Mammoth were discovered while excavating 
a sewer in the city of Milwaukee; and Mastodon remains have been 
found in many places, including at least two localities (Evanston and 
Glencoe) in Cook Co., Illinois. In a carefully prepared paper Miss 
Netta C. Anderson records the finding of remains of these huge Probos- 
cidians in 26 counties in Illinois.* It is stated that a tusk of a Masto- 
don dug up east of Iliopolis, Sangamon County, measured 9 feet in 
length and about 2 feet in circumference at the larger end; and a molar 
tooth found in Calhoun County is claimed to have weighed nearly 18 
pounds. These animals did not differ greatly in size from Elephants of 
the present day. 
During the past century a number of bodies of Mammoths have been 
found in Siberia in a frozen state embedded in ice or soil where they 
*A preliminary List of fossil Mastodon and Mammoth Remains in Illinois 
and Iowa. Augustana Library Pub., Rock Island, Ill., No. 5, 1905, pp. 1-43. 
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