54 INDEX TO THE FAMILIES AND SUB- FAMILIES. 



HaliaUus, Accipiter^ Milvus, Elatioides, Elanus, Pernis, Falco, 



and Pandionj the Harriers, Buzzards, Eagles, Hawks, Kites, 



Falcons, and Osprey. 173-198. 

 FRiNGlLLiNiE — sub-family of Passeridaa (range 41 in. to 9 in.) ; 



remiges rarely more than 18 ; first primary obsolete or minute ; 



bill short and conical ; gape line straight or arched. Genera, 



Carduelis, Serinus, Ligurinus, Coccothraustes, Passer, Fn'ngilla, 



Linota, Pyrrhula, and Loxiaj the Finches, Sparrows, Linnets, 



Grosbeaks, and Crossbills. 87-108. 

 GlareoliDjE (range 85 in. to 9 in.) — four toes, two united ; bill 



short ; wings long ; legs short ; tail forked. Genus, Glareolaj 



the Pratincole. 291. 

 Gruid^ (range 39 in. to 48 in.) — four toes, two united ; bill long ; 



legs long, middle claw smooth. Genus, Grusj the Cranes. 285, 286. 

 HirundiniNjE — sub-family of Passeridse (range 4I in. to 85 in.) ; 



nine primaries ; secondaries broad and notched ; wide bill ; short 



legs ; long wings ; forked tail. Genus, Hirundoj the Swallows 



and Martins. 81-84. 

 Ibidid^ (range 21 in. to 22 in.) — four toes, three united as far as the 



claws ; bill long, slender and decurved, point rounded ; 27 remiges. 



Genus, Ibis; the Ibis. 215. 

 IcteriNjE — sub-family of Passerida: (range 8^ in. to 9 in.) ; glossy 



black with scarlet wing coverts. Genus, AgelcBus; the Red-winged 



Starling. 119. 

 Laniin/E — sub-family of Passeridje (range 7^ in. to 9 in.) ; remiges 



19 ; first primary less than half as long as second ; bill short and 



deeply toothed ; two toes united. Genus, Laniusj the Shrikes and 



Woodchat. 73-76. 

 LariD/E (range 8| in. to 33 in.) 



I. — Three toes, united as far as the claws ; wings long ; remiges 

 31; tail forked or square. Genus, Rissaj the Kittiwake. 367. 



II. — Four toes, three united and one webbed to tarsus ; bill short. 

 Genus, Pagophila; the Ivory Gull. 368. 



III. — Four toes, three of them united as far as the claws, the fourth 

 very short. Genera, Hydrochelidon, Sterna, Anous, Xema, 

 Rhodostethia, and Lariisj the Terns and Gulls. 241-366. 

 MeropiDjE (range 10 in. to 11 in.) — remiges, 23 ; second primary 



longest ; four toes, three united, two as far as the second joint and two 



as far as the first ; tail long. Genus, Merops; the Bee-eaters. 1 54, 1 5 5. 

 MoTACILLINiE — sub-family of Passeridas (range 5^ in. to 8 in.) ; two 



toes united ; first primary obsolete or minute ; narrow, slender bill ; 



long legs ; long tail. Genera, Motacilla and Anthusj the Wagtails 



and Pipits. 60-71. 

 Muscicapin^— sub-family of Passeridae (range 5 in. to 5^ in.) ; 



remiges 19 ; first primary less than half as long as second ; bill 



broad, flat, and bristled at base. Genus, Muscicapa; the Fly- 

 catchers. 78-80. 

 CEDlCNEMlDiE (range 16 in. to 17 in.) ; three toes united as far as 



the second joint ; remiges 29 ; Genus, QLdicnemus ; the Stone 



Curlew. 290. 

 OrioliNjE — sub-family of Passeridae (range 9 in. to 9^ m.) ; golden 



yellow bird with black wings ; remiges often 20 ; first primary half 



as long as second. Genus, Oriolusj the Golden Oriole. 72. 



