66 INDEX TO THE FAMILIES AND SUB- FAMILIES. 



SCOLOPACID^ (range 5J in. to 26 in.). 



I. — Three toes, united near base ; tail feathers doubly notched 



Genus, Calidris ; the Sanderling. 324. 

 II. — Four toes, three united as far as the second joint ; bill boldly 



curving upwards. Genus, Recurvirostra ; the Avocet. 304. 

 III. — Four toes, three united near base. Genera, Himantopus, 

 Scolopax, Macrorhampus, Limtcola, Tryngites, and Numenius , 

 the Black-winged Stilt, the Woodcock, Red-breasted Snipe, 

 Broad-billed Sandpiper, Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Curlews, and 

 Whimbrel. 305, 308, 312, 313, 325, 338-340. 

 IV. — Four toes, three in front, two united. Genera, Machetes, 

 Barh-amia, Limosa, and Totajtus; the Ruff, Bartram's Sandpiper, 

 the Godwits, the Sandpiper, the Spotted, Green, Wood, and 

 Solitary Sandpipers, the Redshanks, Gi-eenshank, and Yellow- 

 shank. 323, 326-337. 

 V. — Feet lobate ; lobes narrowly denticulate. Genus, PhalaropuSj 



the Phalarope. 306. 

 VI. — Feet divided ; long slender bill. Genera, Gallinago and 

 Tringa; the Snipes, Stints, and other Sandpipers. 309-311,314- 

 322. 

 SiTTiNiE— sub-family of Passeridas (range 5 in. to 6 in.) ; first 

 primary less than half as long as the second ; third, fourth, and 

 fifth longest ; long straight bill ; large powerful feet ; two toes 

 united. Genus, 6'z'//ay the Nuthatch. 58. 

 StrigiDjE (range 7 in. to 27 in.) — Birds of Prey ; bill powerful and 

 with a cere at base ; large head ; round face ; eyes in front ; claws 

 well developed. Genera, Strix, Asia, Syrnium, Nyctea, Surnia, 

 Nyctala, Scops, Bubo, and Athene; the Owls. 161-170. 

 STURNlNiE — sub-family of Passeridce (range 7^ in. to Z\ ip.) ; remiges 

 ig ; first primary minute ; second primary longest in wicg ; 

 plumage with metallic tints and spotted ; bill straight and slender. 

 Genera, Sturnus and Pastor; the Starlings. 120, 121. 

 TroglodytiNjE — sub-family of Passeridae (range 3^ in. to 4 in.) ; 

 first primary quite half as long as second ; plumage long and soft ; 

 tail short ; two toes united. Genus, Troglodytes ; the Wren. 59. 

 Turbine — sub-family of Passerida; (range 33 in. to 12 in.) ; remiges 

 19 ; first primary less than half as long as second ; bill with or 

 without tooth ; toes united or not (see analysis of Genera), 

 Genera, Tiirdus, Geocichla, Merul.a, Monticola, Saxicola, Pratincola, 

 Ruticilla, Cyanecida, Erithacus, Daulias, Sylvia, Melizophiius, 

 Regulus, Phylloscopus, Hypolais, A'edon, Acrocephalus, and Locus- 

 tella. 1-44. 

 Turnicid^ (range 6 in. to 6J in.)— three toes divided throughout. 



Genus, Turnix; the Andalusian Bush Quail, 277. 

 UpupiDjE (range 10 in. to 12 in.) — four toes, two united; erectile 

 crest ; remiges 20 ; first primary small, second equal to seventh 

 and third, fourth and fifth the longest. Genus, Upupa; the Hoopoe. 

 156. 

 VuLTURlDiE (range 25 in. to 40 in.) — Birds of Prey ; strong, sharp, 

 curving bill, with a cere at base ; powerful claws ; head bald or 

 covered with down ; wings long and rounded ; tail rounded 

 Genera, Gyps and Neophron; the Vultures, 171, 172. 



