176 BACTERIOLOGY. 
the recovery of the sick, but directly destroys the bac- 
teria which cause disease. 
Methods of Cleanliness and Disinfection to Prevent the 
Occurrence of Illness. 
1. Water-closet Bowls and all Receptacles for Human 
Excrement should be kept perfectly clean by frequent 
flushing with a large quantity of water, and as often as 
necessary disinfected with the carbolic or bichloride solu- 
tions. The woodwork around and beneath them should 
be frequently scrubbed with the hot soapsuds solution. 
2, Sinks and the Woodwork Around and the Floor 
Beneath them should be frequently and thoroughly 
scrubbed with the hot soapsuds solution. 
3. School Sinks, School sinks should be thoroughly 
flushed with a large quantity of water at least twice 
daily, and should be carefully cleaned twice a week or - 
oftener by scrubbing. Several quarts of the carbolic 
solution should be frequently thrown in the sink after 
it has been flushed. 
4, Cesspools and Privy Vaults. An abundance of 
milk of lime or chloride of lime should be thrown into 
these daily, and their contents should be frequently 
removed. 
5. Cellars and Rooms in Cellars are to be frequently 
whitewashed, and, if necessary, the floors sprinkled 
with dry chloride of lime. Areas and paved yards 
should be cleaned, scrubbed, and, if necessary, washed 
with the bichloride solution. Street gutters and drains 
should be cleaned, and, when necessary, sprinkled with 
chloride of lime or washed with milk of lime. 
6. Air-shafts. Air-shafts should be first cleaned 
thoroughly and then whitewashed. ‘To prevent ten- 
