TRANSPORTATION 135 
Northeast or Northwest, some arrangement is necessary 
whereby cars can be kept warm or the contents kept 
from freezing while in transit. 
Various types of so-called heated cars are used for 
the different kinds of produce. These are more commonly 
used for potatoes and other vegetables rather than for 
fruit. The last and most important kind is the refrig- 
erator car which is especially constructed for the ship- 
ment of fruit. All of the fruit brought to the Eastern 
markets from the South and from the far West is 
handled in these refrigerator cars. They are specially 
designed and insulated against the heat from outside 
and are also provided with bunkers on each end to hold 
ice to keep the fruit cold while in transit. Most all of 
the trunk line railroads own a large number of these 
refrigerator cars, but there are also some private line 
companies which have their own cars and are hauled by 
the railroads on certain working agreements, usually 
based on tonnage. 
Express Companies.—All shippers of the more perish- 
able fruits must deal with express companies because of 
the necessary haste in delivery of goods to market. 
Nearly all the express companies handle small fruit on 
a large scale. Express rates charged by the various 
transportation companies are usually very much higher 
than the ordinary freight rate. On the other hand, they 
travel on a much faster schedule and, hence, can deliver 
the goods more quickly. It is seldom possible to ship 
perishable fruits even for short distances by local freight, 
hence producers located no farther away than 24 or 48 
hours’ journey must make use of these express com- 
panies to deliver the fruit. 
